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Article

Synthesis and Antifungal Screening of 2-{[1-(5-Alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones †

by
Veronika Opletalova
1,
Jan Dolezel
2,
Jiri Kunes
3,
Vladimir Buchta
4,5,
Marcela Vejsova
4,5 and
Marta Kucerova-Chlupacova
1,*
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
2
GlaxoSmithKline, Hvezdova 1734/2c, 140 00 Prague, Czech Republic
3
Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
4
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
5
Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Preliminary Results Were Presented at the 8th Central European Conference “Chemistry towards Biology” (CTB-2016), Brno, Czech Republic, 28 August–1 September 2016 (Poster P-56).
Molecules 2016, 21(11), 1592; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21111592
Submission received: 30 September 2016 / Revised: 16 November 2016 / Accepted: 16 November 2016 / Published: 23 November 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 8th Central European Conference ‘Chemistry towards Biology’ (CTB-2016))
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Two novel thiosemicarbazones and eight novel 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones were prepared and tested against a panel of eight fungal strains–Candida albicans ATCC 44859, Candida tropicalis 156, Candida krusei E 28, Candida glabrata 20/I, Trichosporon asahii 1188, Aspergillus fumigatus 231, Lichtheimia corymbifera 272, and Trichophyton interdigitale 445. 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones exhibited activity against all strains, the most potent derivative was 2-{[1-(5-butylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}e-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one. Susceptibility of C. glabrata to the studied 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were in the range 0.57 to 2.78 mg/L) is of great interest as this opportunistic pathogen is poorly susceptible to azoles and becomes resistant to echinocandins. Antifungal potency of thiosemicarbazones was slightly lower than that of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Fungal infections, especially invasive ones, represent a serious problem. Whilst topical fungal diseases are quite common and cause considerable morbidity, they are generally not life-threatening [1]. On the contrary, it has been estimated that invasive fungal infections are responsible for the deaths of 1.5 million people each year [2]. The increased incidence of life threatening systemic fungal infections is mainly due to the increasing numbers of immunocompromised people [2,3]. Besides, infections that were once uncommon emerge more frequently in the United States and Europe as a result of international travel, immigration from endemic areas, and changing climate conditions [4]. Fungal resistance also prevents successful treatment of mycoses [5,6,7,8]. Therefore, searching for new drugs and therapeutic options is of high importance [9,10,11].
1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones are very versatile compounds both as synthetic intermediates and potential drugs [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Substituents in the 2-, 3-, and 5-positions of the basic skeleton may be modified. According to substitution in the 2-position, 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives can be subdivided into several classes: alkyl or (hetero)aryl substituted thiazolidin-4-ones 1, thiazolidine-2,4-diones 2, rhodanines 3, 2-iminothiazolidin-4-ones (pseudohydantoins) 4, and 2-hydrazonothiazolidin-4-ones 5 (Figure 1). All of them can be further substituted on N-3 and/or methylene group in position 5 of the 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one skeleton and compounds 4 and 5 also on imino or amino group of the substituent [12].
Many 2-hydrazono-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones of general formula 6 (Figure 2) have been reported in the literature. One of the synthetic approaches to these compounds consists in the reaction of the corresponding thiosemicarbazones with α-halogenoalkanoic acids or their derivatives [12,14,15,17,18,19].
A series of thiosemicarbazones 10a–10f has previously been prepared in our laboratory using the procedure shown in Scheme 1. Thiosemicarbazones 10a–10f have already been tested for antifungal, antitumor, and iron-chelating properties [20]. Their antimycobacterial activity has been reported as well [21]. Thiosemicarbazones 10g and 10h were prepared later and are novel compounds.
In the present paper, we report on the synthesis and antifungal properties of 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones 11a–11h obtained from thiosemicarbazones 10a–10h by cyclization with α-chloroacetic acid (Scheme 1). Antifungal effects of the new thiosemicarbazones 10g and 10h will be reported as well.

2. Results and Discussion

The paper is a follow-up of our long-term research activities aimed at studies of pyrazine derivatives. Most of these studies were devoted to derivatives of pyrazinecarboxylic acid since pyrazinamide is a well-known antimycobacterial drug [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. Ring substituted acetylpyrazines have also been studied, but to a lesser extent. Pyrazine is an electron-deficient nitrogen heterocyclic base which does not undergo Friedel-Crafts acylations. Various acetylpyrazines have been obtained using homolytic acetylation [31]. However, homolytic reactions often yield a mixture of monoacylated, diacetylated and other derivatives, and the isolation of the desired product in a sufficient amount is sometimes rather difficult [32,33,34,35,36]. Thus, homolytic acetylation of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine gave 2,5-diacetyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine and 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, but not 2-acetyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine [33]. Homolytic acetylation of pyrazine-2-carbonitrile yielded 5-acetylpyrazine-2-carbonitrile as expected [37], but when we tried to apply the same reaction conditions to alkylated pyrazine-2-carbonitrile, we were not able to get a pure product from the reaction mixture. 5-Acetylpyrazine-2-carbonitrile was then used for the preparation of (E)-2-[1-(5-cyanopyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamide. This thiosemicarbazone exhibited neither antifungal nor antiproliferative activity [20]. Therefore, only 5-alkylated acetylpyrazines have been further used in our studies concerning their derivatives, such as chalcones [38,39] and compounds reported in the present study.
Antifungal properties of compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen have been well documented in literature [40,41,42,43,44,45,46]. Among these substances also various thiosemicarbazones [47,48,49,50,51,52] and derivatives of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one were reported [53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63]. Compounds of this type were also studied by our research group and the results are discussed below.

2.1. Chemistry

Thiosemicarbazones 10g and 10h were prepared using the method reported in our previous paper [20]. Their spectral characteristics corresponded to the spectra of their previously reported congeners 10a–10f. Hence, it could be concluded that they are also E-isomers. Details concerning the determination of the configuration on the double bond can be found in ref. [20].
All available thiosemicarbazones were then reacted with α-chloroacetic acid yielding 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones 11a–11h. A slightly modified method of Hozien [64] was used. The products were characterized by melting points, IR, and NMR spectra and their purity was checked by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and elemental analysis.

2.2. Biology

The in vitro antifungal activity of all compounds was evaluated by the modified microdilution broth Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards [65,66]. The organisms examined included Candida albicans ATCC 44859 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA), Candida tropicalis 156, Candida krusei E 28, Candida glabrata 20/I, Trichosporon asahii 1188, Aspergillus fumigatus 231, Lichtheimia corymbifera (formerly Absidia corymbifera) 272, and Trichophyton interdigitale (formerly T. mentagrophytes) 445. All strains tested, except ATCC, were clinical isolates obtained from the Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. Comparison of the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) of thiosemicarbazones 10a–10f reported previously [20] and novel thiosemicarbazones 10g and 10h with MICs of 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones 11a–11h showed that antifungal activity of compounds 11a–11h was slightly better than that of thiosemicarbazones 10a–10h.
1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones 11a–11h were active to almost all fungal strains. Derivatives with medium length alkyl chains 11a (propyl), 11c (butyl), and 11e (pentyl) were the most potent ones. This in good agreement with our previous studies of chalcones [38,67,68] and thiosemicarbazones [20], that also indicated that compounds with non-branched alkyls mostly exhibited better antifungal potency than their analogs with branched alkyls. Surprisingly, 2-{[1-(5-hexylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (11f) was less potent than the corresponding thiosemicarbazone 10f [20]. This clearly shows that the optimal length of alkyl substituent in the pyrazine ring may be different for various types of compounds. For the 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones presented in this paper, the optimal length is four carbons (see butyl derivative 11c in Table 1).
As can be seen in Table 1, MICs of fluconazole and voriconazole were uncommonly high for C. tropicalis. This indicates that the strain could have developed a resistance to azole antifungal agents during long-term passaging. However, as the most potent compounds (11a, 11c, and 11e) exhibited activity against the resistant strain, it can be presumed that their mechanism of action and/or resistance is different from that of azoles, and their antifungal activity is independent of the susceptibility of a given strain of C. tropicalis to azole derivatives.
As it was already mentioned in the introduction, invasive fungal infections, especially those caused by resistant pathogens, represent a serious health problem [5,6,7,69,70,71]. In immunocompromised patients, they have high mortality rates (20%–40% for Candida albicans, 20%–70% for Cryptococus neoformans, and 50%–90% for Aspergillus fumigatus) [72]. Moreover, new infections due to opportunistic fungi, have emerged recently [73,74,75,76,77]. One of these difficult to treat pathogens is Candida glabrata. It exhibits some special features and is more similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to Candida albicans [78,79]. C. glabrata belongs to the main fungal opportunistic pathogen in humans. It is poorly susceptible to azole antimycotic agents [78] and becomes resistant to echinocandins [79,80,81]. Strain resistance to amphotericin B was also reported [82]. 2-{[1-(5-Alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones 11a–11h presented here showed promising activity against C. glabrata. The most potent derivative, 11c exhibited good activity against all studied fungal pathogens. These data make them prospective antifungal agents that deserve further studies.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Chemistry

Pyrazine-2-carbonitrile (Sigma-Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic) was used as a starting compound. It was alkylated to yield intermediates 8a–8h, and these in turn were converted to the corresponding acetylpyrazines 9a–9h using methods reported previously [83,84]. Thiosemicarbazones 10a–10f were prepared and characterized in our previous paper [20]. Thiosemicarbazones 10g and 10h were prepared analogously using commercially available analytical grade thiosemicarbazide (Lachema, Brno, Czech Republic). Commercially available pure chloroacetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic) and pure crystalline sodium acetate (Lachema, Brno, Czech Republic) were used for the cyclization of thiosemicarbazones. The purity of the products was checked by thin layer chromatography on TLC aluminium sheets, silica gel 60 F254 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); mixtures of light petroleum and ethyl acetate 80:20 and 60:40 were used as mobile phases. Analytical samples were dried over anhydrous phosphorus pentoxide under reduced pressure at room temperature. Melting points were determined on a Boëtius BHMK 73/4615 apparatus (VEB Analytik, Dresden, Germany) and are uncorrected. Elemental analyses (EA) were performed on an EA 1110 CHNS instrument (CE Instruments, Milano, Italy). IR spectra were recorded by the attenuated total reflection (ATR-Ge) method on Nicolet Impact 400 spectrometer or Nicolet 6700 IR spectrophotometer (Nicolet–Thermo Scientific, Madison, WI, USA). Characteristic wavenumbers are given in cm−1. 1H and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded at ambient temperature on a Varian Mercury-Vx BB 300 spectrometer (Varian Corp., Palo Alto, CA, USA) operating at 300 MHz for 1H and 75 MHz for 13C or VNMR S500 (Varian) spectrometer operating at 500 MHz for 1H-NMR and 125 MHz for 13C-NMR. Chemical shifts were recorded as δ values in ppm, and were indirectly referenced to tetramethylsilane (TMS) via the solvent signal (2.49 for 1H, 39.7 for 13C in DMSO-d6). Signal multiplicities are described as s, singlet; bs, broad singlet; m, multiplet; d, doublet and t, triplet.

3.1.1. General Procedure for the Preparation of Thiosemicarbazones 10a–10h

5-Alkylated acetylpyrazine (0.01 mol) and thiosemicarbazide (0.01 mol) were dissolved in methanol (10–15 mL). Three drops of concentrated acetic acid were added, and the mixture was heated at reflux for 5 h. Then it was cooled, the product was removed by filtration and crystallized from ethanol. Thiosemicarbazones 10a–10f (characterized in reference [20]) and two novel thiosemicarbazones 10g and 10h were prepared by this procedure.
(E)-2-[1-(5-Benzylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazinecarbothioamide (10g): White solid; yield 42%; m.p. 209–214 °C; IR (ATR-Ge): 3382, 3147 (NH), 2914 (CH), 1613 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 10.43 (1H, s, NH), 9.50 (1H, s, H-3), 8.56 (1H, s, H-6), 8.42 (1H, bs, NH2), 8.23 (1H, bs, NH2), 7.31–7.17 (5H, m, benzyl H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, H-6), 4.15 (2H, s, CH2), 2.33 (3H, s, CH3); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 179.3, 155.4, 148.1, 146.5, 142.6, 142.4, 139.0, 129.1, 128.7, 126.5, 40.7, 12.1; EA calculated for C14H15N5S (285.37): 58.92% C; 5.30% H; 24.54% N; 11.24% S. Found 58.61% C; 5.45% H; 25.08% N; 11.66% S.
(E)-2-{1-[5-(4-Methoxybenzyl)pyrazin-2-yl]ethylidene}hydrazinecarbothioamide (10h): White solid; yield 15%; m.p. 185–187 °C; IR (ATR-Ge): 3227, 3149 (NH), 2835 (CH), 1600 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 10.42 (1H, s, NH), 9.49 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz, H-3), 8.52 (1H, d, J = 1.3 Hz, H-6), 8.42 (1H, bs, NH2), 8.23 (1H, bs, NH2), 7.23–7.16 (2H, m, AA′, BB′, benzyl H-2, H-6), 6.87–6.81 (2H, m, AA′, BB′, benzyl H-3, H-5), 4.07 (2H, s, CH2), 3.69 (3H, s, OCH3), 2.33 (3H, s, CH3); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 179.3, 158.0, 155.8, 148.0, 146.5, 142.5, 142.3, 130.9, 130.1, 114.1, 55.2, 39.9, 12,1; EA calculated for C15H17N5OS (315.39): 57.12% C; 5.43% H; 22.21% N; 10.17% S. Found 56.76% C; 5.49% H; 21.99% N; 10.53% S.

3.1.2. General Procedure for the Cyclization of Thiosemicarbazones 10a–10h to 1,3-Thiazolidin-4-ones 11a–11h

Thiosemicarbazone (7 mmol) and chloroacetic acid (0.99 g, 10.5 mmol) were dissolved in a minimum amount of anhydrous ethanol under stirring and heating to reflux. Then, 1.5% (w/w) ethanolic solution of sodium acetate (8 mL) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 10 h. After cooling, the precipitated crystals were sucked off, washed with water and 50 mL of water–ethanol mixture (1:1, v/v). Analytically pure products were obtained by crystallization from anhydrous ethanol. Using this procedure the following compounds were prepared:
2-{[1-(5-Propylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (11a): Yellow solid; yield 51%; m.p. 216–217 °C; IR (ATR-Ge): 3126, 3016 (NH), 2961, 2871 (CH), 1702 (C=O), 1628 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 12.11 (1H, bs, NH), 9.10 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz, H-3), 8.54 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz, H-6); 3.89 (2H, s, SCH2); 2.76 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz, CH2); 2.37 (3H, s, CH3), 1.78–1.61 (2H, m, CH2), 0.90 (3H, t, J = 7.5 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 174.2, 166.7, 160.1, 157.3, 148.2, 143.0, 141.5, 36.6, 36.5, 33.2, 22.2, 13.7; EA calculated for C12H15N5OS (277.35): 51.97% C; 5.45% H; 25.25% N; 11.56% S. Found 51.58%; 5.49% H; 25.08% N; 11.92% S.
2-{[1-(5-Isopropylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (11b). White solid; yield 49%; m.p. 225–226 °C; IR (ATR-Ge): 3125, 3082 (NH), 2964, 2922, 2871, 2826 (CH), 1704 (C=O), 1627 (C=N); 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): 12.11 (1H, bs, NH), 9.10 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz, H-3), 8.58 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz, H-6), 3.90 (2H, s, SCH2), 3.21–3.04 (1H, m, CH), 2.38 (3H, s, CH3), 1.26 (6H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6): 174.4, 166.8, 162.1, 160.4, 148.7, 141.9, 141.6, 33.5, 33.4, 22.4, 13.7; EA for C12H15N5OS (277.35) calculated 51.97% C, 5.45% H, 25.25% N, 11.56% S, found 51.64% C, 5.49% H, 25.15% N, 11.55% S.
2-{[1-(5-Butylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (11c): Yellow solid; yield 42%; m.p. 210–212 °C; IR (ATR-Ge): 3066, 3016 (NH), 2955, 2929, 2869, 2779 (CH), 1718 (C=O), 1624 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 12.11 (1H, bs, NH), 9.09 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz, H-3), 8.54 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz, H-6), 3.89 (2H, s, SCH2), 2.78 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz, CH2), 2.37 (3H, s, CH3), 1.73–1.58 (2H, m, CH2), 1.38–1.22 (2H, m, CH2), 0.88 (3H, t, J = 7.4 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 174.2, 166.7, 160.1, 157.5, 148.2, 142.9, 141.5, 34.2, 33.2, 31.0, 22.0, 13.9, 13,5; EA calculated for C13H17N5OS (291.37): 53.59% C; 5.88% H; 24.04% N; 11.00% S. Found 52.70% C; 5.61% H; 24.00% N; 9.68% S.
2-{[1-(5-Isobutylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (11d): Yellow solid; yield 40%; m.p. 202–204 °C; IR (ATR): 3134, 3070 (NH), 2953, 2927, 2868, 2798 (CH), 1705 (C=O), 1620 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 12.11 (1H, bs, NH), 9.12 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz, H3), 8.52 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz, H6), 3.90 (2H, s, SCH2), 2.66 (2H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, CH2), 2.38 (3H, s, CH3), 2.15–1.97 (1H, m, CH), 0.88 (6H, d, J = 6.9 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 174.2, 166.6, 160.1, 156.6, 148.2, 143.4, 141.5, 43.5, 33.2, 28.6, 22.3, 13.4; EA calculated for C13H17N5OS (291.37): 53.59% C; 5.88% H; 24.04% N; 11.00% S. Found 53.04% C; 5.79% H; 24.34% N; 10.37% S.
2-{[1-(5-Pentylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (11e): Yellow solid; yield 57%; m.p. 181–182 °C; IR (ATR-Ge): 3083 (NH), 2955, 2862, 2791 (CH), 1719 (C=O), 1625 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 12.11 (1H, bs, NH), 9.10 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz, H3), 8.55 (1H, d, J = 1.4 Hz, H6), 3.89 (2H, s, SCH2), 2.78 (2H, t, J = 7.3 Hz, CH2), 2.37 (3H, s, CH3), 1.79–1.60 (2H, m, CH2), 1.38–1.22 (4H, m, CH2), 0.84 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 174.2, 166.7, 160.2, 157.5, 148.2, 142.9, 141.5, 34.5, 33.2, 31.0, 28.6, 22.1, 14.1, 13.5; EA calculated for C14H19N5OS (305.40): 55.06% C; 6.27% H; 22.93% N; 10.50% S. Found 55.38% C; 6.37% H; 22.70% N; 10.04% S.
2-{[1-(5-Hexylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (11f): White solid; yield 52%; m.p. 162–163 °C; IR (ATR-Ge): 3124, 3071 (NH), 2997, 2975, 2946, 2922, 2849, 2814 (CH), 1704 (C=O), 1623 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 12.11 (1H, bs, NH), 9.10 (1H, d, J = 1.1 Hz, H3), 8.54 (1H, d, J = 1.1 Hz, H6), 3.89 (2H, s, SCH2), 2.78 (2H, t, J = 7.3 Hz, CH2), 2.37 (3H, s, CH3), 1.75–1.58 (2H, m, CH2), 1.35–1.18 (6H, m, CH2), 0.83 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz, CH3); 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 174.2, 166.7, 160.1, 157.4, 148.2, 142.9, 141.5, 34.5, 33.2, 31.2, 28.9, 28.5, 22.2, 14.1, 13.4; EA calculated for C15H21N5OS (319.43): 55.40% C; 6.63% H; 21.93% N; 10.04% S. Found 55.96% C; 6.59% H; 21.92% N; 9.43% S.
2-{[1-(5-Benzylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (11g): White solid; yield 86%; m.p. 242–243 °C; IR (ATR-Ge): 3149, 3067 (NH), 2995, 2965, 2930, 2798 (CH), 1702 (C=O), 1625 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 12.12 (1H, bs, NH), 9.10 (1H, s, H-3), 8.63 (1H, s, H-6), 7.32–7.16 (5H, m, benzyl H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5, H-6), 4.16 (2H, s, CH2), 3.89 (2H, s, SCH2), 2.36 (3H, s, CH3); 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 174.2, 166.8, 160.0, 156.2, 148.5, 143.1, 141.7, 138.9, 129.2, 128.8, 126.7, 40.8, 33.2, 13.5; EA calculated for C16H15N5OS (325.39): 59.06% C; 4.65% H; 21.52% N; 9.85% S. Found 58.79% C; 4.81% H; 21.99% N; 10.22% S.
2-({1-[5-(4-Methoxybenzyl)pyrazin-2-yl]ethylidene}hydrazono)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (11h): White solid; yield 63%; mp 223–224 °C; IR (ATR-Ge): 3125, 3078 (NH), 2969, 2924, 2829 (CH), 1704 (C=O), 1627 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 12.11 (1H, bs, NH), 9.09 (1H, s, H-3), 8.60 (1H, s, H-6), 7.26–7.14 (2H, m, AA′, BB′, benzyl H-2, H-6), 6.91–6.78 (2H, m, AA′, BB′, benzyl H-3, H-5), 4.09 (2H, s, CH2), 3.90 (2H, s, SCH2), 3.70 (3H, s, OCH3), 2.37 (3H, s, CH3); 13C-NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 174.2, 166.8, 160.0, 158.1, 156.6, 148.4, 143.0, 141.6, 130.8, 130.2, 114.2, 55.2, 33.2, 30.6, 13.4; EA calculated for C17H17N5O2S (355.42): 57.45% C; 4.82% H; 19.71% N; 9.02% S. Found 56.96% C; 4.98% H; 19.99% N; 9.40% S.

3.2. Biology

Evaluation of In Vitro Antifungal Activity

The strains were subcultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA, Difco/Becton Dickinson, Detroit, MI, USA) and maintained on the same medium at 4 °C. For susceptibility testing, fungal inocula were prepared by suspending yeasts, conidia, or sporangiospores in sterile 0.85% saline. The cell density was adjusted using a Bürker’s chamber to yield a stock suspension of 1.0 ± 0.2 × 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL and 1.0 ± 0.2 × 106 CFU/mL for yeasts and molds, respectively. The final inoculum was made by 1:20 dilution of the stock suspension with the test medium. The compounds were dissolved in DMSO, and the antifungal activity was determined in RPMI 1640 media (KlinLab, Prague, Czech Republic) buffered to pH 7.0 with 0.165 M 3-morpholinopropane-1-sulfonic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Controls consisted of medium and DMSO alone. The final concentration of DMSO in the test medium did not exceed 1% (v/v) of the total solution. The minimum inhibitory concentration , was defined as 80% or greater (for yeasts and yeast-like organisms—IC80), respectively 50% or greater (for molds—IC50) reduction of growth in comparison with the control. The values of MICs were determined after 24 and 48 h of static incubation at 35 °C. In the case of T. interdigitale, the MICs were recorded after 72 and 120 h due to its slow growth rate. Fluconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B were used as reference antifungal drugs. For the results, see Table 1.

4. Conclusions

The studied 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones showed promising activity against C. glabrata—an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is often resistant to both azoles and echinocandins. The most potent derivative exhibited good activity against all eight fungal pathogens used in the susceptibility assay. In the light of the results obtained in the present study and the antifungal properties of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives reported by other research groups, it can be concluded that substituted 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones deserve additional studies as potential antifungal drugs.

Acknowledgments

The study was supported by Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, projects SVV 260 291 and SVV 260 289.

Author Contributions

Veronika Opletalova proposed the subject and wrote the introduction and discussion; Jan Dolezel prepared the compounds within his doctoral studies; Jiri Kunes recorded and interpreted NMR data; Vladimir Buchta designed antifungal assays and interpreted their results; Marcela Vejsova carried out antifungals assays; Marta Kucerova-Chlupacova checked all experimental data and wrote the experimental portion. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 10g, 10h and 11a–11h are available from the authors.
Molecules 21 01592 g001 550
Figure 1. Structures of 2-substituted derivatives of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one.
Figure 1. Structures of 2-substituted derivatives of 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one.
Molecules 21 01592 g001
Molecules 21 01592 g002 550
Figure 2. General formula of 2-hydrazonothiazolidin-4-ones derived from aldehydes and ketones
Figure 2. General formula of 2-hydrazonothiazolidin-4-ones derived from aldehydes and ketones
Molecules 21 01592 g002
Molecules 21 01592 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the compounds 11a–11h. Reagents and conditions: (a) (aryl)alkanoic acid, AgNO3, (NH4)2S2O8, water, 80 °C; (b) CH3MgI, Et2O; (c) thiosemicarbazide, MeOH, CH3COOH; (d) α-chloroacetic acid, anhydrous EtOH, sodium acetate.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the compounds 11a–11h. Reagents and conditions: (a) (aryl)alkanoic acid, AgNO3, (NH4)2S2O8, water, 80 °C; (b) CH3MgI, Et2O; (c) thiosemicarbazide, MeOH, CH3COOH; (d) α-chloroacetic acid, anhydrous EtOH, sodium acetate.
Molecules 21 01592 sch001
Table
Table 1. In vitro antifungal activity of thiosemicarbazones 10g and 10h and 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones 11a–11h.
Table 1. In vitro antifungal activity of thiosemicarbazones 10g and 10h and 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones 11a–11h.
CompoundMIC (mg/L) 1
CACTCKCGTAAFLCTI
24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h24 h72 h
48 h48 h48 h48 h48 h48 h48 h120 h
10g˃142.69˃142.698.924.464.4617.8435.678.92
˃142.69˃142.698.924.464.4617.8435.678.92
10h˃157.70˃157.7019.714.9319.7139.4219.714.93
˃157.70˃157.7019.714.9319.7139.4219.714.93
11a2.172.172.171.082.174.334.332.17
2.172.172.171.082.178.674.332.17
11b1.082.172.171.082.1717.338.672.17
1.084.334.331.082.1717.3317.332.17
11c1.141.141.140.571.142.282.281.14
1.141.141.140.571.144.552.281.14
11d4.55˃36.42˃36.422.282.28˃36.429.119.11
9.11˃36.42˃36.422.282.28˃36.429.119.11
11e2.392.392.392.392.392.392.392.39
2.392.392.392.392.392.399.542.39
11f9.98˃39.93˃39.931.252.4939.9339.93˃39.93
9.98˃39.93˃39.931.252.49˃39.9339.93˃39.93
11g2.545.085.082.545.08˃40.67˃40.6710.17
5.0810.175.082.545.08˃40.67˃40.6720.34
11h2.785.555.552.782.7822.2111.115.55
2.7811.115.552.782.7844.4322.215.55
FLU0.07˃153.1438.2912.7676.57˃153.14˃153.141.99
0.07˃153.1476.5776.5776.57˃153.14˃153.1431.85
VOR0.00243.670.2329.21.140.1772.660.03
0.00287.330.6887.335.000.4587.330.04
AmpB0.030.080.130.031.000.171.001.00
0.060.100.170.081.660.212.001.00
1 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 80% or greater for yeasts and yeast-like organisms (IC80), respectively 50% or greater for molds (IC50); CA = Candida albicans ATCC 44859, CT = Candida tropicalis 156, CK = Candida krusei E 28, CG = Candida glabrata 20/I, TA = Trichosporon asahii 1188, AF = Aspergillus fumigatus 231, LC = Lichtheimia corymbifera (formerly Absidia corymbifera) 272, and TI = Trichophyton interdigitale (formerly T. mentagrophytes) 445; FLU = fluconazole, VOR = voriconazole, AmpB = amphotericin B.

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Opletalova, V.; Dolezel, J.; Kunes, J.; Buchta, V.; Vejsova, M.; Kucerova-Chlupacova, M. Synthesis and Antifungal Screening of 2-{[1-(5-Alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones. Molecules 2016, 21, 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21111592

AMA Style

Opletalova V, Dolezel J, Kunes J, Buchta V, Vejsova M, Kucerova-Chlupacova M. Synthesis and Antifungal Screening of 2-{[1-(5-Alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones. Molecules. 2016; 21(11):1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21111592

Chicago/Turabian Style

Opletalova, Veronika, Jan Dolezel, Jiri Kunes, Vladimir Buchta, Marcela Vejsova, and Marta Kucerova-Chlupacova. 2016. "Synthesis and Antifungal Screening of 2-{[1-(5-Alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones" Molecules 21, no. 11: 1592. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21111592

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