Syzygium jambos and Solanum guaraniticum Show Similar Antioxidant Properties but Induce Different Enzymatic Activities in the Brain of Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Pytochemical Screening of Aqueous Extract of Syzygium jambos and Solanum guaraniticum
Extract content | Syzygium jambos | Solanum guaraniticum | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total phenolic (mg GAE/g) | 108.2 ± 3.34 | 58.76 ± 1.72 ** | ||
Total flavonoid (mg QE/g) | 85.55 ± 2.54 | 237.90 ± 7.12 *** | ||
Vitamin C (mg VIT C/g) | 21.07 ± 0.64 | 58.01 ± 4.21 ** |
2.2. Thiol Peroxidase-Like Activity of Both Extracts Evaluated
2.3. Nitric Oxide-Scavenging Activity Assay of Extracts
2.4. Effect of Extracts on δ-ALA-D and AChE Activity in Rat Tissues
Treatment | δ-ALA-D | AChE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | Brain | Kidney | ||
Control (PBS) | 4.33 ± 0.48 | 1.23 ± 0.18 | 1.49 ± 0.43 | 2.78 ± 0.14 |
Lead acetate 10 µM | 2.92 ± 0.23 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.43 | - |
Paraoxon 1 µM | - | - | - | 1.26 ± 0.07 *** |
Syzygium jambos 100 µg/ mL | 4.85 ± 0.71 | 1.10 ± 0.06 | 1.89 ± 0.49 | 2.65 ± 0.14 |
Syzygium jambos 250 µg/mL | 4.09 ± 0.46 | 1.38 ± 0.28 | 1.97 ± 0.53 | 2.75 ± 0.14 |
Solanum guaraniticum 500 µg/mL | 4.24 ± 0.52 | 0.91 ± 0.11 | 1.66 ± 0.32 | 2.73 ± 0.14 |
Solanum guaraniticum 1000 µg/mL | 4.31 ± 0.72 | 0.66 ± 0.14 * | 1.35 ± 0.18 | 2.79 ± 0.14 |
2.5. Effects of Syzygium jambos and Solanum guaraniticum on Lipid Peroxidation, NPSH Content and Catalase Activity of Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP)-Induced Tissues
Treatments | Liver | Inhibition (%) | Brain | Inhibition (%) | Kidney | Inhibition (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 2.23 ± 0.54 | ------- | 3.36 ± 0.93 | ------- | 1.62 ± 0.57 | ------- |
Gallic acid 25 µg/mL | 1.26 ± 0.42 | 43.49 | 1.57 ± 0.51 | 53.27 | 1.29 ± 0.13 | 20.37 |
Syzygium jambos 100 µg/mL | 1.98 ± 0.52 | 11.21 | 1.53 ± 0.18 * | 54.46 | 0.93 ± 0.25 | 42.59 |
Syzygium jambos 250 µg/mL | 2.01 ± 0.51 | 9.86 | 1.19 ± 0.26 ** | 64.58 | 0.73 ± 0.18 | 54.93 |
Solanum guaraniticum 500 µg/mL | 2.36 ± 0.53 | ------- | 1.49 ± 0.26 * | 55.65 | 0.81 ± 0.15 | 50.00 |
Solanum guaraniticum 1000 µg/mL | 2.41 ± 0.40 | ------- | 1.89 ± 0.35 * | 43.75 | 0.84 ± 0.14 | 48.14 |
Induced (SNP) | 10.81 ± 1.45 *** | ------- | 30.61 ± 3.41 *** | ------- | 4.78 ± 1.47 * | ------- |
Gallic acid 25 µg/mL | 1.08 ± 0.09 ### | 90.00 | 27.88 ± 1.15 | 8.91 | 1.30 ± 0.22 ### | 74.26 |
Syzygium jambos 100 µg/mL + SNP | 2.39 ± 0.51 ### | 77.89 | 2.97 ± 0.61 ### | 90.29 | 1.09 ± 0.30 ## | 77.19 |
Syzygium jambos 250 µg/mL + SNP | 2.33 ± 0.47 ### | 78.44 | 1.95 ± 0.78 ### | 93.62 | 0.86 ± 0.10 ## | 82.00 |
Solanum guaraniticum 500 µg/mL + SNP | 2.58 ± 0.65 ### | 76.13 | 1.86 ± 0.80 ### | 93.92 | 1.00 ± 0.20 ## | 79.07 |
Solanum guaraniticum 1000 µg/mL + SNP | 2.75 ± 0.59 ## | 74.56 | 2.77 ± 0.74 ### | 90.95 | 1.18 ± 0.17 ## | 75.31 |
Treatments | Thiol content | CAT | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liver | Brain | Kidney | Liver | Brain | Kidney | |
Data are reported as mean ± SEM (n = 6) and assessed by one way ANOVA followed by Duncan Multiple Comparison post hoc test. Results are presented as mmol NPSH (non-protein thiol)/mg protein and units of catalase (CAT)/mg protein. (*) and (**) denotes p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively, as compared to the respective control samples. (#), (##) and (###) denotes p < 0.05, p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively, as compared to the respective induced samples. | ||||||
Control | 11.16 ± 2.16 | 7.57 ± 1.01 | 5.66 ± 1.19 | 38.14 ± 6.49 | 6.36 ± 1,49 | 17.71 ± 2.22 |
Gallic acid 25 µg/mL | 11.44 ± 2.6 | 9.85 ± 0.29 | 7.31 ± 0.78 | 40.28 ± 9.87 | 6.34 ± 0.34 | 26.53 ± 1.53 * |
Syzygium jambos 100 µg/mL | 7.41 ± 0.84 | 9.12 ± 0.50 | 6.21 ± 1.81 | 37.65 ± 7.81 | 4.16 ± 1.25 | 15.41 ± 2.75 |
Syzygium jambos 250 µg/mL | 7.32 ± 1.89 | 10.66 ± 0.73 | 9.73 ± 1.36 | 28.72 ± 6.54 | 2.80 ± 1.10 | 13.84 ± 2.33 |
Solanum guaraniticum 500 µg/mL | 6.42 ± 1.82 | 9.20 ± 1.00 | 10.52 ± 1.76 * | 41.98 ± 6.18 | 3.43 ± 1.07 | 20.80 ± 2.03 |
Solanum guaraniticum 1000 µg/mL | 10.94 ± 2.35 | 10.91 ± 1.69 | 8.84 ± 0.20 | 49.10 ± 6.45 | 3.37 ± 1.17 | 18.82 ± 1.65 |
Induced (SNP) | 4.84 ± 1.69 * | 2.64 ± 0.57 ** | 5.42 ± 1.70 | 46.78 ± 9.98 | 4.04 ± 1.17 | 16.74 ± 1.01 |
Gallic acid 25 µg/mL | 5.51 ± 0.57 | 3,01 ± 0.20 | 5.43 ± 0.54 | 53.47 ± 10.44 | 2.95 ± 0.56 | 26.52 ± 3.08 # |
Syzygium jambos 100 µg/mL + SNP | 5.80 ± 1.46 | 7.52 ± 0.79 ## | 6.13 ± 1.00 | 48.04 ± 7.70 | 4.13 ± 1.42 | 17.92 ± 1.52 |
Syzygium jambos 250 µg/mL + SNP | 6.66 ± 0.90 | 9.40 ± 0.65 ### | 10.56 ± 1.96 # | 40.04 ± 9.82 | 2.37 ± 1.37 | 19.47 ± 3.23 |
Solanum guaraniticum 500 µg/mL + SNP | 8.45 ± 1.87 | 7.30 ± 0.52 ## | 6.95 ± 0.62 | 47.69 ± 13.39 | 4.17 ± 1.01 | 19.18 ± 1.17 |
Solanum guaraniticum 1000 µg/mL + SNP | 7.96 ± 1.67 | 9.03 ± 0.86 ### | 9.50 ± 1.51 | 41.60 ± 11.14 | 3.52 ± 1.06 | 19.18 ± 1.69 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Chemicals and Apparatus
3.2. Plant Material and Preparation of Extracts
3.3. Phytochemical Analysis
3.3.1. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Characterization
3.3.2. Total Polyphenols Content
3.3.3. Total Flavonoid Content
3.3.4. Determination of Vitamin C Content
3.4. Nitric Oxide-Scavenging Assay of Extracts
3.5. Thiol Peroxidase-Like Activity of Extracts
3.6. Animals
3.6.2. Acetylcholinesterase Activity Assay for Brain
3.6.3. Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) induced Oxidative Stress
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Share and Cite
Bonfanti, G.; Bitencourt, P.R.; Bona, K.S.d.; Silva, P.S.d.; Jantsch, L.B.; Pigatto, A.S.; Boligon, A.; Athayde, M.L.; Gonçalves, T.L.; Moretto, M.B. Syzygium jambos and Solanum guaraniticum Show Similar Antioxidant Properties but Induce Different Enzymatic Activities in the Brain of Rats. Molecules 2013, 18, 9179-9194. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089179
Bonfanti G, Bitencourt PR, Bona KSd, Silva PSd, Jantsch LB, Pigatto AS, Boligon A, Athayde ML, Gonçalves TL, Moretto MB. Syzygium jambos and Solanum guaraniticum Show Similar Antioxidant Properties but Induce Different Enzymatic Activities in the Brain of Rats. Molecules. 2013; 18(8):9179-9194. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089179
Chicago/Turabian StyleBonfanti, Gabriela, Paula Rodrigues Bitencourt, Karine Santos de Bona, Priscila Sabino da Silva, Letícia B. Jantsch, Aline S. Pigatto, Aline Boligon, Margareth L. Athayde, Thissiane L. Gonçalves, and Maria Beatriz Moretto. 2013. "Syzygium jambos and Solanum guaraniticum Show Similar Antioxidant Properties but Induce Different Enzymatic Activities in the Brain of Rats" Molecules 18, no. 8: 9179-9194. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089179