Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils of Satureja thymbra Growing Wild in Libya
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
Constituents | a KIE | b KIL | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
α-thujene | 917.7 | 924 | 1.55 ± 0.02 | |
α-pinene | 923.4 | 932 | 1.48 ± 0.03 | |
camphene | 937.4 | 946 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | |
sabinene | 963.6 | 969 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | |
β-pinene | 965.7 | 974 | 0.70 ± 0.01 | |
myrcene | 983.2 | 988 | 1.76 ± 0.01 | |
α-phellandrene | 995.4 | 1002 | 0.28 ± 0.00 | |
δ3-carene | 1001.2 | 1008 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | |
α-terpinene | 1007.8 | 1014 | 3.26 ± 0.02 | |
p-cymene | 1016.1 | 1020 | 7.17 ± 0.05 | |
sylvestrene | 1019.5 | 1025 | 0.78 ± 0.01 | |
cis-β-ocimene | 1030.6 | 1032 | 0.52 ± 0.00 | |
trans-β-ocimene | 1040.6 | 1044 | 0.81 ± 0.01 | |
γ-terpinene | 1051.5 | 1054 | 39.23 ± 0.27 | |
cis-sabinene hydrate | 1060.6 | 1065 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | |
terpinolene | 1079.1 | 1086 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | |
linalool | 1051.5 | 1095.6 | 0.34 ± 0.00 | |
borneol | 1157.2 | 1165 | 0.82 ± 0.00 | |
terpinen-4-ol | 1169.4 | 1174 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | |
α-terpineol | 1185.3 | 1186 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | |
neo-dihydro carveol | n/a | 1193 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | |
carvacrol methyl ether | 1235.6 | 1241 | 3.33 ± 1.88 | |
thymol | 1291.0 | 1289 | 25.16 ± 1.95 | |
carvacrol | 1297.9 | 1298 | 4.18 ± 0.23 | |
thymyl acetate | 1346.9 | 1349 | 0.21 ± 0.21 | |
β-caryophyllene | 1407.1 | 1417 | 2.76 ± 0.03 | |
aromadendrene | 1426.5 | 1439 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | |
α-humulene | 1441.3 | 1452 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | |
alloaromadendrene | 1448.4 | 1458 | 0.22 ± 0.22 | |
cis-β-guaiene | 1484.6 | 1492 | 1.56 ± 0.02 | |
spathulenol | 1565.9 | 1577 | 0.95 ± 0.03 | |
caryophyllene oxide | 1570.0 | 1582 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | |
cis-α-bergamotene | c n/a | 0.17 ± 0.16 | ||
Total | 99.81% | |||
Yield (v/w) % | 4.9 | |||
Number of constituents | 33 | |||
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 58.57% | |||
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 31.21% | |||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 5.23% | |||
Oxygenated hydrocarbons | 1.27% | |||
Other | 3.53% |
Bacteria | S. thymbra | γ-terpenene | thymol | carvacrol | streptomycin | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | MIC | MBC | |
Gram (+) bacteria | ||||||||||
Bacillus cereus | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.0125 | 0.025 | 0.0005 | 0.0005 |
Micrococcus flavus | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.0025 | 0.005 | 0.0005 | 0.001 |
Staphylococcus aureus | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Listeria monocytogenes | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Gram (−) bacteria | ||||||||||
Escherichia coli | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.0005 | 0.001 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Proteus mirabilis | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Salmonella typhimurium | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Fungi | S. thymbra | γ-terpenene | thymol | carvacrol | Bifonazole | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | MIC | MFC | |
Penicillium funiculosum | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.025 | 0.07 | 0.0125 | 0.025 | 0.0125 | 0.0125 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
Penicillium ochrochloron | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.025 | 0.07 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.0025 | 0.005 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Aspergillus fumigatus | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Aspergillus niger | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Aspergillus flavus | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Aspergillus ochraceus | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.015 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.015 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Candida albicans | 0.025 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.025 | 0.05 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Trichoderma viride | 0.025 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Isolation of the Essential Oil
3.3. Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
3.4. Antioxidant Activity (DPPH Assay)
3.5. Antifungal Activity
3.6. Antibacterial Activity
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Sample Availability: Samples of the essential oils are available from Abdulhamid Giweli.
References and Notes
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Giweli, A.; Džamić, A.M.; Soković, M.; Ristić, M.S.; Marin, P.D. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils of Satureja thymbra Growing Wild in Libya. Molecules 2012, 17, 4836-4850. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17054836
Giweli A, Džamić AM, Soković M, Ristić MS, Marin PD. Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils of Satureja thymbra Growing Wild in Libya. Molecules. 2012; 17(5):4836-4850. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17054836
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiweli, Abdulhmid, Ana M. Džamić, Marina Soković, Mihailo S. Ristić, and Petar D. Marin. 2012. "Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils of Satureja thymbra Growing Wild in Libya" Molecules 17, no. 5: 4836-4850. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17054836