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Article

Synthesis and Olfactory Evaluation of Bulky Moiety-Modified Analogues to the Sandalwood Odorant Polysantol®

by
Laura Chapado
,
Pablo J. Linares-Palomino
,
Concepción Badía
,
Sofía Salido
,
Manuel Nogueras
,
Adolfo Sánchez
and
Joaquín Altarejos
*
Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2009, 14(8), 2780-2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14082780
Submission received: 17 June 2009 / Revised: 21 July 2009 / Accepted: 27 July 2009 / Published: 28 July 2009
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Abstract

:
Five new bulky moiety-modified analogues of the sandalwood odorant Polysantol® have been synthesized by aldol condensation of appropriate aldehydes with butanone, deconjugative α-methylation of the resulting α,β-unsaturated ketones, and reduction of the corresponding β,γ-unsaturated ketones. The final compounds were evaluated organoleptically and one of them seemed to be of special interest for its natural sandalwood scent.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

(–)-(Z)-β-Santalol (1), the main constituent of natural sandalwood oil, is an odour compound with typical sandalwood fragrance and is described as warm-woody, creamy and sweet with an animalic tonality [1,2]. It consists of a bulky bicyclic moiety separated from the hydroxyl group by an unsaturated 5 C-atoms spacer [3]. The best synthetic substitutes for this noble perfumery raw material are a series of trimethylcyclopentenyl alkenols, such as 2−5 [4,5],derived from campholenic aldehyde. The structural similarities between β-santalol and these substitutes, regarding the bulky lipophile, the spacer and the osmophoric polar hydroxyl group, seems to be clear (Figure 1), Polysantol® (2) being the most expensive and appreciated by perfumers [3]. The structure–odour properties of this compound and a series of derivatives have been studied [6,7,8]. The structure of olfactory receptors and the corresponding mechanism of interaction between receptor proteins and odour molecules, rewarded by the 2004 Nobel Prize [9,10], are still little known. Therefore, the determination of essential structural elements responsible for the sandalwood-type sensation can be only performed by molecular similarity studies within a series of sandalwood odour compounds and structurally similar, but odourless, molecules. As is well known [3,11], three subunits are important for the sandalwood odour impression (Figure 1), which correspond to the hydroxyl group (A), a lipophilic substituent (B) in the neighbourhood of this hydroxyl group, and a bulky rigid hydrophobic moiety (C). This set of structural features constitutes the sandalwood olfactophore. In this way, some fragrance chemists assumed that the vicinity of the osmophore must be crucial for the odour and this flexible spacer became the main object of structure–odour sandalwood studies [12]. On the other hand, the analysis of structure–odour relationship (SOR) data allowed to postulate that the geometry of the immediate proximity of the osmophoric hydroxyl group tolerates less variations than the orientation of the more distant lipophilic bulky group [3]. For that reason the bulky moiety of the trimethylcyclopentenyl group in campholenal derivatives 2−5 has been replaced by structures of similar steric bulk (6 [13], 7 [14], 8 [15], 9 [16], 10 [17], 11 [18]).
As a continuation of our previous studies on the synthesis of odorants [19,20,21],we have developed a collection of several substitutes of sandalwood scent [22,23,24]. As other authors have done [7,8,25], we have studied the influence of the global shape of the hydrophobic moiety C, and for the refinement of the olfactophore model on compounds structurally similar to Polysantol®, five new compounds 33−37 (Figure 3) have been synthesized for this work and their odour evaluated. These molecules have been obtained from the aldehydes 12−15 and 18, respectively, through a straightforward process involving the aldol condensation of each starting aldehyde with butanone, the deconjugative α-methylation of the respective enones and the reduction of the corresponding β,γ-unsaturated ketone to yield every alcohol analogue to the odorant Polysantol® (see Scheme 2 below).
Molecules 14 02780 g001 550
Figure 1. β-Santalol and odorants 2–5 derived from campholenic aldehyde.
Figure 1. β-Santalol and odorants 2–5 derived from campholenic aldehyde.
Molecules 14 02780 g001
Molecules 14 02780 g002 550
Figure 2. Other sandalwood-type odorants with different bulky moieties.
Figure 2. Other sandalwood-type odorants with different bulky moieties.
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Molecules 14 02780 g003 550
Figure 3. The target analogues of the sandalwood odorant Polysantol®.
Figure 3. The target analogues of the sandalwood odorant Polysantol®.
Molecules 14 02780 g003

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis

As starting materials for the synthesis of alcohols 33–37, the commercially available acyclic isovaleraldehyde (12), heptanal (13), citronellal (14), and the cyclic phenylacetaldehyde (15) and (1R)-(–)-nopol (16) [26] have been chosen. The latter was previously transformed into (1S,2S,5S)-dihydronopal (18), in a two-step process, by stereoselective heterogeneous hydrogenation using platinum oxide as catalyst [19,27] and subsequent oxidation of the primary alcohol to an aldehyde with pyridinium dichromate (PDC) [29].

2.1.1. Conversion of nopol (16) into dihydronopal (18)

According to the findings of Heitmann and Mätzel [27], the use of Adams ’ catalyst in methanol with a low hydrogen pressure allowed us to obtain cis-dihydronopol (17) [28,29] in good yield (90%) and with high diastereoselectivity. Therefore, the substituent in the 2 position is cis with respect to the gem-dimethyl bridge in 17 (Scheme 1).
Molecules 14 02780 g005 550
Scheme 1. Selective hydrogenation of nopol and oxidation of cis-dihydronopol under mild conditions.
Scheme 1. Selective hydrogenation of nopol and oxidation of cis-dihydronopol under mild conditions.
Molecules 14 02780 g005
The structure of this compound was assigned by standard spectroscopic analytical techniques (IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR). The bicyclic system of the [3.1.1]hept-2-yl group presents several particularly troublesome spectroscopic problems, since its structural complexity leads to strong couplings among nuclei, resulting in severe spectral overlap. Nevertheless, some unambiguous conclusions may be obtained. Thus, the final assignment of the chemical shifts and coupling constants of all compounds of this series (17, 18, 27, 32, 37) are given taking into account the syn (s) and anti (a) protons, which correspond to equatorial or axial protons of a cyclohexane moiety (Figure 4).
Molecules 14 02780 g004 550
Figure 4. (1S,2S,5S)-2-(6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)ethanol (17).
Figure 4. (1S,2S,5S)-2-(6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)ethanol (17).
Molecules 14 02780 g004
The 1H-NMR of 17 has undoubtedly lost the characteristic tt signal of the olefinic methyne H-3’ seen in 16. In 17 the new methyne H-2’ appears as a ddq (δ 2.12, J2’-1’=2.0 Hz, J2’-3’a-2=7.1 Hz, J2’‑3’s=11.0 Hz). The coupling constants between H2’–H3’a and H2’–H3’s could be consistent with dihedral angles H2’–C–C–H3’a and H2’–C–C–H3’s of ca. 124º and 10º, respectively, according to the Karplus equation [31,32]. These observations not only provide evidence for the necessary axial position of the new H-2’ proton, but also confirm the postulate that the cyclohexane ring is flattened, confirming the outcome of the diastereoselective hydrogenation. The difference between the protons of the CH2-7’ methylene bridge is characteristic of these type of bicyclic [3.1.1]heptane skeletons in a bridged-chair or bridged-boat conformation. Thus, proton 7’a appears as a ddt (δ 2.33, J7’a-7’s=9.3 Hz, J7’a-1’-5’=6.2 Hz, J7’a-4’a=2.0 Hz) on the basis of the geminal coupling with H-7’s, similar couplings with H-1’ and H-5’ and the W long-range coupling with H-4’a. However, the 7’s proton (δ 0.90) appears as a d because of a single geminal coupling. The different resonance signals of the two methyl groups on C-6’, due to the magnetic anisotropy of the cyclobutane ring, is also characteristic of this skeleton. Hence, Me-8’ (equatorial) always appears ca 0.4 ppm deshielded respect to Me-9’ (axial) in 2-α-pinene derivatives (such as 16). Nevertheless, in 2-αH-pinane derivatives (such as 17) the less rigid geometry compared to the saturated system produces an appreciable change in the resonance position of the equatorial and axial methyl groups on C-6’, the Δδ between them being now ca. 0.1 ppm. The highly overlapped region of δ 1.80−2.00, corresponding to the 1’, 3’s, 4’a, 4’s and 5’ protons was too poorly separated for determination of coupling constants. However, the chemical shifts of such protons were obtained from the 2D NMR shift correlations (HSQC, HMBC, COSY and NOESY). In addition, homodecoupling experiments were also performed to obtain some coupling constants. In general, the relationship δHa < δHe is valid, except for H-4, where 4a (an equatorial proton) resonates at higher field than 4s (an axial proton), which is in accordance with the finding for protons attached to a cyclohexane ring [31]. The conversion of dihydronopol (17) into dihydronopal (18) [33] was performed by reaction with PDC under standard conditions affording 18 in a 75% yield (Scheme 1).

2.1.2. Aldol condensation of the aldehydes 12−15 and 18 with butanone to give the α,β-unsaturated ketones 19, 20, 22, 24 and 27

The starting aldehydes 12−15 and 18 were reacted with butanone by aldol condensation. Thus, isovaleraldehyde (12) yielded the α,β-unsaturated ketone 19 using potassium hydroxide as catalyst [34] (Scheme 2). The intermediate β-hydroxyketone was directly dehydrated by azeotropic distillation in dry toluene and p-toluenesulfonic acid [23,35]. The crude 19 obtained was purified by flash chromatography to afford pure 19 in 88% yields.
For the synthesis of 20 [36], heptanal (13) was reacted in a similar manner; aldol reaction with butanone followed by p-toluenesulfonic acid-assisted dehydration. The α,β-unsaturated ketone 20 was obtained in 71% yield [38]. The spectroscopic properties of 20 and 19 are alike with respect to the synthon C1–C5, and regarding 21, the aldol self-condensation by-product derived from 13, the NMR data agree with those already reported [39].
When citronellal (14) was used as starting aldehyde, the aldol condensation with butanone to obtain the α,β-unsaturated ketone 22 was performed using a basic thermal dehydration instead the acid dehydration [40]. This was necessary because although all the aldol condensation attempts via acid dehydration led to the desired 22, it immediately underwent an intramolecular Michael-type reaction that led first to a six-membered ring closure, and then, after subsequent capture of the emerging tertiary cation by the enol oxygen, to a second ring closure [41].
As in the case described by Sasaki [41], we only obtained the trans-fused hexahydroisochromene 23. This stereoselective nonsynchronous bicyclization may be rationalized taking into account the rule for 1,2-disubstituted cyclohexane compounds. According to that, the thermodynamically more stable conformation is that with more alkyl groups adopting the equatorial position. As displayed in Scheme 3, rotamer I leads to a cis-1,2-disubstituted cyclohexane (one axial and the other equatorial) whereas rotamer II leads to a trans-1,2-disubstituted cyclohexane with both groups in equatorial position. In addition to this energetic argument, it seems that in a trans-1,2-disubstituted eq–eq conformation the oxygen of the enol function and the carbocation centre are likely closer for the second cyclization than that in a cis-1,2-disubstituted eq–ax conformation.
Molecules 14 02780 g006 550
Scheme 2. Syntheses of 33-37.
Scheme 2. Syntheses of 33-37.
Molecules 14 02780 g006
Molecules 14 02780 g007 550
Scheme 3. Intramolecular Michael-type ring closure reactions followed by cis and trans cation intermediates capture by the enol oxygen toward cis and trans (23) hexahydro-1H-isochromenes.
Scheme 3. Intramolecular Michael-type ring closure reactions followed by cis and trans cation intermediates capture by the enol oxygen toward cis and trans (23) hexahydro-1H-isochromenes.
Molecules 14 02780 g007
The structure of compound 23 was assigned by standard spectroscopic techniques (IR, MS, 1H- NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR). It is worth underscoring some details of its 1H NMR like the upshielded resonance of H-5ax as a q (δ 0.59, J5ax-5eq-4a-6=12 Hz), due to the magnetic anisotropy of the double bond (Δ3). Furthermore, the chemical shift assigned to H-4a (δ 1.55–1.68) seems to be a br t, where the highest coupling constant is ca. 12 Hz. This is sufficiently consistent with both dihedral angles H4a–C–C–H8a and H4a–C–C–H5ax of 180º, what are the corresponding angles of a trans-fused bicyclic system in which the two hydrogen atoms of the junction carbons are both axial.
The aldol reaction of phenylacetaldehyde (15) with butanone, followed by acid dehydration, yielded the α,β-unsaturated ketone 24 [42], along with the side product 25 [43,45], its positional isomer, and 26, the aldol-type self condensation of phenylacetaldehyde (Scheme 4). Regarding compound 26, the spectroscopic data agree with those already reported [44].
Molecules 14 02780 g008 550
Scheme 4. Synthesis of 24-26.
Scheme 4. Synthesis of 24-26.
Molecules 14 02780 g008
In the synthesis of the α,β-unsaturated ketone 27, cis-dihydronopal (18) was reacted in a similar way – aldol reaction with butanone followed by acid catalyzed dehydration. The crude obtained was purified by flash chromatography to afford 27 in 56% yields. With respect to the spectroscopic data of 27, no dramatic changes occur either the C1–C5 moiety, with respect to the analogues 19, 20, 22 and 24, or the 2-αH-pinane moiety, with respect to the precursors 17 and 18. A C’-2 epimer of 27 was prepared by Mookherjee and co-workers and described as possessing a powerful sandalwood aroma with urine [47], sweet and floral undertones. In this patent the inventors claimed its use for enhancing the aroma or taste of smoking tobacco and tobacco articles.

2.1.3. Deconjugative α-methylation of the α, β-unsaturated ketones 19, 20, 22, 24 and 27 to give the β, γ-unsaturated ketones 28–32

The ketones 19, 20, 22, 24 (+25) and 27 could be converted into the corresponding β,γ-unsaturated ketones 28–32 by a deconjugative α-methylation reaction [23,48,49]. This procedure relies on the initial formation of an enolate, using a slight stoichiometric excess of potassium t-butoxide, followed by the methylation of the resulting ion under conditions that provided the kinetically favoured product in excess over the thermodynamically favoured product. A ten molar excess of cooled iodomethane was added quickly over the cooled (0 °C) solution of the referred enolate in DMF. The configuration about the double bond in compounds 28-32 was E, as indicated, and the procedure provided those five new enones, which after chromatographic purification yielded pure compounds 28 (77%), 29 (42%), 30 (55%), 31 (84%) [50] and 32 (85%).

2.1.4. Reduction of the β,γ-unsaturated ketones 28–32 with NaBH4 to give the alcohols 33–37

Finally, β,γ-unsaturated ketones 28–32 could be converted into the corresponding homoallylic alcohols by reducing the carbonyl group with sodium borohydride under standard conditions. Although other reducing agents were also tested [51], a mixture of sodium borohydride in methanol was preferred because of economic considerations and easy handling. As expected, alcohols 33–37 were obtained without any stereoselectivity on the new stereocentre C-2. After chromatographic purification the target analogues to Polysantol® were obtained in good yields: 33 (62%), 34 (76%), 35 (90%), 36 (80%) and 37 (77%).

2.2. Odour evaluation

The independent odour evaluation of each bulky moiety-modified Polysantol® analogue 33–37 (each over 97% pure according to GC) was carried out by a group of perfumers using two different protocols: (a) at three times from impregnated blotting paper strips (see Section 3.6) (Table 1), (b) after injecting them, separately, onto a GC fitted with sniffing port (Table 2).
Thus, the profile of the (E)-3,3-dimethyl-5-((1S,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)pent-4-en-2-ol (37) was identified as the most interesting and promising of the series because of it is full of qualities and it directly emulates the natural sandalwood odour instead of that of synthetic Polysantol®. For that reason, this compound has recently been claimed as a potential useful odorant [24]. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that 34 and 35 display fairly good behaviour as woody and sandalwood odorants, a fact that supports the hypothesis that structurally rigid molecules interact with a smaller number of olfactory receptor proteins than fairly flexible molecules, which can be assumed to interact with the proteins involved in a more complex manner [52].
Table
Table 1. Odour evaluation of alcohols 33–37 from impregnated blotting paper strips.
Table 1. Odour evaluation of alcohols 33–37 from impregnated blotting paper strips.
CompoundsOdour
Top notes Heart notesBase notes
Molecules 14 02780 i001Turpentine, varnish and woody with oriental bottom, patchouli, humid tar, smoky and earthyNuance of woody, slightly damp in a mixture between the scent of fresh wood and antique furnitureSlightly eastern woody, not very intense
Molecules 14 02780 i002Greasy, citrus and earthy-green notes suitable with a moist mushroom scentCitronellic-type of citrus odour with weak woodyGreen and grassy resembling to freshly cut stalk of palms
Molecules 14 02780 i003Phenolic, dump, cresolic, milky and sandela flavourweak citrus odouralmost odourless
Molecules 14 02780 i004Cresolic, citrus on citronella-type odours, green, phenolic and slightly exotic oriental odourSlight woody note with flowery touch of roses, but less intenseImperceptible odour (nearly odourless)
Molecules 14 02780 i005Solvent and woody note, sandalwood-type alike to the essential oilSandal and sandela scentReminiscence of sandalwood odour with saffron touch
Table
Table 2. Odour evaluation of alcohols 33–37 using a GC fitted with sniffing port.
Table 2. Odour evaluation of alcohols 33–37 using a GC fitted with sniffing port.
CompoundsOdour
Molecules 14 02780 i006Borneol, balsamic, camphoraceus woody notes, but not sandalwood. Also fencholic, slightly valerianic with a note which remembers to wet mossy forest soil at the end.
Molecules 14 02780 i007Woody notes with dryness and amber nuances Iso E Super-type. Also fatty, green, floral and soapy notes, with an animalic and valerianic tone at the end.
Molecules 14 02780 i008Very clean and natural sandalwood note, Polysantol-type and as intense as this. The woody bouquet is harmonized with amber, balsamic, animalic, sweet, green and a slightly cresolic background.
Molecules 14 02780 i009Woody and mild sandalwood scent. It is also slightly greasy with burn, moist and green nuances, and a reminiscent of citrus fruits at the end.
Molecules 14 02780 i010Very clean, intense and rounded sandalwood note, more natural scent than Polysantol-type. It is also woody, vetiver, green in mossy-type, with animal and vanilla notes at the end.

3. Experimental

3.1. General

Reactions were monitored by gas chromatography (GC) on a Varian CP-3800 gas chromatograph fitted with a methyl silicone (CP-Sil 8 CB) capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm); carrier gas: He; flow rate: 1 mL/min; oven temperature program: 50−290 °C at a rate of 8 °C/min; injector temperature: 250 °C; flame ionization detector temperature: 300 °C; retention times (tR) are expressed in minutes. The reaction products were purified by conventional column chromatography (Merck silica gel 60, 70−230 mesh) or by flash chromatography (Scharlab silica gel 60, 230−400 mesh), in both cases using appropriate mixtures of hexane and Et2O. 1H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DPX 300 spectrometer (300 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) and a Bruker DPX 400 (400 MHz) spectrometer. Chemical shift values are reported in parts per million (ppm, δ scale) and coupling constants (J) are in hertz (Hz). All described coupling constants refer to a three-bond coupling distance (3J). 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on the same instruments (75 or 100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS). Chemical shifts are also reported in ppm and carbon substitution degrees were established by DEPT multipulse sequence. 2D NMR experiments (DQF-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) were carried out for all compounds of dihydronopol series (17, 18, 27, 32, 37) and for the isochromene 23, on the same instrument. Infrared (IR) spectra were recorder on a FT-IR Perkin-Elmer 1760X spectrometer using a thin film between KBr plates (neat). Mass spectra (MS) were obtained in all cases by GC− MS analysis carried out on a Hewlett-Packard 5990 A II gas chromatograph coupled to a Hewlett-Packard 5989B mass spectrometer using the electron impact (EI) ionization method (70 eV); the parameters for the GC unit were the same as those described previously for the GC analyses. High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were obtained on a trisector EBE Waters Micromass AutoSpect NT spectrometer using EI (70 eV).

3.2. Starting materials

Isovaleraldehyde (3-methylbutanal, 12): Aldrich, 97% (GC); tR 2.26. Heptanal (13): Aldrich, 95% (GC); tR 6.32. (±)-Citronellal (3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal, 14): Fluka, 90% (GC); tR 16.20. 2-Phenyl-acetaldehyde (15): Fluka, 50% solution in diethylphthalate. To separate 2-phenylacetaldehyde (195 °C, 1 atm), tR 11.40, from the non-volatile diethylphthalate (295 °C, 1 atm) a vacuum distillation was performed. (1S,2S,5S)-Dihydronopal (18) was obtained, as described below, from (1R)-(–)-nopol [(1R)-2-(6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]-2-hepten-2-yl)ethanol, 16): Aldrich, 98% (GC); [α]25D = –31.8 (c 1.15, MeOH); tR 21.60.
(1S,2S,5S)-2-(6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)ethanol (17): a solution of the alkene 16 (250 mg, 1.5 mmol) in absolute MeOH (12.5 mL) was hydrogenated over PtO2 (23 mg) under the low-pressure of a H2 gas filled balloon for 90 min. At this time the GC analysis indicated the hydrogenation was complete and the catalyst being filtered off and washed with MeOH. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 17 (227 mg, 90%) as a colourless oil; [α]25D = –22.1(c 1.25, MeOH); tR 24.65; IR (ν, cm-1): 3332 (OH), 2907 (cyclohexane), 1383 and 1366 (C(CH3)2); MS (m/z, %): 168 (M+, 1), 150 (M+−H2O, 1), 135 (M+−H2O−Me, 5), 123 (M+−C2H4OH, 14), 107 (C8H11+, 33); 1H-NMR (400 MHz): δ 3.65 (dt, J1A-1B=10.1, J1A-2A-2B=7.0, 1H, H-1A), 3.62 (dt, J1A-1B=10.1, J1A-2A-2B=7.0, 1H, H-1B), 1.68 (q, J2-2’-1=7.0, 2H, H-2), 1.87−1.82 (m, 1H, CH-1’), 2.12 (ddq, J2’-3’a-2-=7.1, J2’-3’s=11.0, J2’-1’=2.0, 1H, H-2’), 1.47 (ddt, J3’a-3’s=14.2, J3’a-2’-4’s=5.8, J3’a-4’a=11.1, 1H, H-3’a), 2.01−1.92 (m, 1H, H-3’s), 1.89−1.82 (m, 1H, H-4’a), 1.97−1.90 (m, 1H, H-4’s), 1.91−1.87 (m, 1H, H-5’), 0.90 (d, J7’s-7’a=9.5, 1H, H-7’s), 2.33 (ddt, J7’a-7’s=9.3, J7’a-4’a=2.0, J7’a-1’-5’=6.2, 1H, H-7’a), 1.19 (s, 3H, Me-6’), 1.01 (s, 3H, Me’-6’); 13C-NMR (100 MHz): δ 61.68 (C-1), 40.76 (C-2), 46.40 (C-1’), 37.48 (C-2’), 22.34 (C-3’), 26.43 (C-4’), 41.42 (C-5’), 38.69 (C-6’), 33.60 (C-7’), 28.16 (Me-6’), 23.22 (Me’-6’).
(1S,2S,5S)-6,6-Dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl-ethanal (18): a solution of dihydronopol (17, 907 mg, 5.4 mmol) in dry CH2Cl2 (8 mL) was added to a solution of PDC (3.05 g, 8.1 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (22 mL) at 25 °C and stirred for 20 h under argon. Then, the mixture was diluted with diethylether–hexane, filtered and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure to afford 18 (672 mg, 75%) as a yellow-pale oil, [α]25D = –19.3 (c 1.10, MeOH). The GC analysis (tR 21.44) indicated the conversion was complete. IR (ν, cm-1): 2907 and 2713 (cyclohexane), 1725 (C=O), 1384 and 1367 (C(CH3)2); MS (m/z, %): 166 (M+, 1), 151 (M+−Me, 9), 148 (M+−H2O, 4), 133 (M+−H2O−Me, 12), 123 (M+−CH2CHO, 27), 107 (C8H11+, 33), 79 (C6H7+, 82); 1H-NMR (400 MHz): δ 0.90 (d, J7’s-7’a=9.8, 1H, H-7’s), 0.95 (s, 3H, Me-6’), 1.12 (s, 3H, Me’-6’), 1.37 (m, 1H, H-3’a), 1.99 (ddt, J3’s-3’a=14.6, J3’s-4’a=3.0, J3’s-4’s-2’=10.4, 1H, H-3’s), 1.74−1.79 (m, 1H, H-1’), 1.73−1.92 (m, 2H, H-4’), 1.91−1.89 (m, 1H, H-5’), 2.28 (ddt, J7’a-7’s=9.3, J7’a-4’a=2.0, J7’a-1’-5’=6.0, 1H, H-7’a), 2.44 (ddd, J2A-1=2.0, J2A-2B=16.3, J2A-2’=7.3, 1H, H-2A), 2.47 (ddd, J2B-1=2.0, J2A-2B=16.3, J2B-2’=7.3, 1H, H-2B), 2.58 (ddt, J2’-2=7.3, J2’-3’s=17.1, J2’-1’=2.3, 1H, H2-2’); 13C-NMR (100 MHz): δ 202.54 (C-1), 51.81 (C-2), 46.11 (C-1’), 34.83 (C-2’), 21.83 (C-3’), 25.95 (C-4’), 40.89 (C-5’), 38.46 (C-6’), 33.20 (C-7’), 27.73 (Me-6’), 22.96 (Me’-6’).

3.3. Aldol condensation of 12−15 and 18 with butanone to give 19, 20, 22, 24 and 27

(a) With subsequent acidic catalyzed dehydration: a 6.0 M solution of starting aldehydes (12−15 and 18) in MeOH (1.0 mL, 6.0 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of butanone (1.73 g, 24.0 mmol) and KOH (15 mg, 0.25 mmol) in MeOH (1.5 mL) at 0 °C for 1 h. Then, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirring was continued for a further 8 h. The reaction was quenched with a 1N aqueous solution of AcOH (100 mL), the solvent was then partially evaporated in vacuo and the resulting crude diluted with Et2O (25 mL) and washed with 1 N AcOH solution (25 mL) and brine (3×25 mL). The crude was dried over anhyd Na2SO4 and evaporated to yield a yellow residue, which was used in the next reaction without further purification. Then, a Dean−Stark apparatus was fitted to a flask containing a solution of the above aldol crude reaction and TsOH·H2O (40 mg, 0.2 mmol) in dry toluene (10 mL), and the mixture was refluxed for 90 min. The solution was allowed to cool down and washed with an aqueous saturated NaHCO3 solution (3×25 mL), 1N AcOH solution (25 mL) and brine (3×25 mL), dried over anhyd Na2SO4 and evaporated in vacuo. The aldol condensations of butanone (a) with 12 afforded (E)-3,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-one (19) in a 88% yield, (b) with 13 afforded (E)-3-methyldec-3-en-2-one (20) and (Z)-2-pentylnon-2-enal (21) in 71% and 24% yields, respectively, (c) with 14 afforded 1,1,3,4,6-pentamethyl-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-isochromene (23) in a 91% yield, (d) with 15 afforded (E)-3-methyl-5-phenylpent-3-en-2-one (24) and its isomer (E)-3-methyl-5-phenylpent-4-en-2-one (25) in a 62% yield (24:25, 4:1) and (E)-2,4-diphenylbut-2-enal (26) in a 17% yield and (e) with 18 afforded (E)-3-methyl-5-((1S,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)pent-3-en-2-one (27) in a 56% yield.
(b) With subsequent basic catalyzed dehydration: a solution of 14 (2.0 g, 12.9 mmol) in MeOH (4.0 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of butanone (3.74 g, 51.9 mmol) and KOH (30 mg, 0.5 mmol) in MeOH (2.0 mL) at 0 °C for 1 h. Then, the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirring was continued for a further 8 h. A condenser was then fitted to the flask and the mixture heated at ca. 50 °C for 2 h. The solution was allowed to reach room temperature and quenched with 1N AcOH solution (25 mL). The mixture was extracted with Et2O (3×25 mL), and the combined organic extracts were neutralized by washing with brine (3×25 mL). The crude was dried over anhyd Na2SO4 and evaporated in vacuo to afford (E)-3,6,10-trimethylundeca-3,9-dien-2-one (22) in a 52% yield.
(E)-3,6-Dimethylhept-3-en-2-one (19): colourless oil; tR 12.42; IR (ν, cm-1): 1671 and 1642 (α,β-unsaturated C=O), 1466 (-CH2-C=C-) and 1433 (CH3-C=C-); MS (m/z, %) 140 (M+, 14), 125 (M+−Me, 22), 97 (M+−[Me-C=O], 12), 83 (CH3-CO-CH-CH3+, 62), 69 (20), 55 (65), 43 (Me-C=O+, 100); 1H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.96 (d, J=6.6, 6H, H-7 and Me-6), 1.76 (br s, 3H, Me-3), 1.79 (n, J=6.7, 1H, H-6), 2.14 (t, J=7.1, 2H, H-5), 2.31 (s, 3H, H-1), 6.66 (tq, J1=7.4, J2=1.4, 1H, H-4); 13C NMR (75 Hz): δ 11.03 (Me-3), 22.28 (C-7, Me-6), 25.20 (C-1), 28.20 (C-6), 37.97 (C-5), 137.98 (C-3), 142.47 (C-4), 199.54 (C-2).
(E)-3-Methyldec-3-en-2-one (20): the crude reaction mixture (20+21) was purified by flash chromatography (eluent: n-hexane/Et2O 95:5) to yield 20 as a yellow-pale oil; tR 22.98. IR (ν, cm-1): 1671 and 1642 (α,β-unsaturated C=O), 1460 (-CH2-C=C-); MS (m/z, %): 168 (M+, 2), 153 (M+−Me, 8), 125 ( M+−[Me-C=O], 7), 111 (M+−[CH3-(CH2)3-], 4), 85 (M+−[Me-CO-C(Me)=CH], 14), 83 (M+−[CH3-(CH2)5-], 16), 69 (33), 55 (40), 43 (Me-C=O+, 100); 1H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.90 (t, J=6.7, 3H, H-10), 1.25-1.36 (m, 4H, H-7, H-8), 1.42-1.50 (m, 4H, H-6, H-9), 1.76 (br s, 3H, Me-3), 2.24 (q, J=7.3, 2H, H-5), 2.31 (s, 3H, H-1), 6.64 (tq, J1=7.3, J2=1.3, 1H, H-4); 13C-NMR (75 MHz): δ 11.02 (Me-3), 13.98 (C-10), 22.50 (C-9), 25.34 (C-1), 28.54 (C-5), 29.03 (C-7), 29.09 (C-6), 31.57 (C-8), 137.48 (C-3), 143.97 (C-4), 199.91 (C-2).
1,1,3,4,6-Pentamethyl-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-1H-isochromene (23): the crude reaction product was purified by flash chromatography (eluent: n-hexane) to yield 23 as a colourless oil; tR 26.00; IR (ν, cm‑1): 1738, 1715, 1677, 1456; MS (m/z, %): 208 (M+, 22), 193 (M+−Me, 8), 190 (M+−H2O, 1), 175 (M+−Me−H2O, 2), 165 (M+−[O-C(Me)], 27), 150 (M+−[O-C(Me)]−Me, 7), 137 ((M++1)−[O-C(Me)=C(Me)], 12), 123 (24), 109 (38), 95 (18), 83 (C6H11+, 10), 81 (C6H9+, 20), 69 (C5H9+, 28), 55 ([C-O-C(Me)]+, 37), 43 ([O-C(Me)]+, 100), 41 (74); 1H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.59 (q, J5ax-5eq-4a-6=12, 1H, H-5ax), 0.80−1.00 (m, 1H, H-7ax), 0.91−1.00 (m, 1H, H-8ax),0.92 (d, J=6.6, 3H, Me-6), 1.00 (s, 3H, Meax-1), 1.12−1.22 (m, 1H, H-8a), 1.22 (s, 3H, Meeq-1), 1.33−1.46 (m, 1H, H-6), 1.53 (br s, 3H, Me-4), 1.55−1.68 (m, 1H, H-4a), 1.63−1.72 (m, 1H, H-8eq), 1.63−1.72 (m, 1H, H-7eq), 1.71 (br s, 3H, Me-3), 1.98−2.05 (m, 1H, H-5eq); 13C-NMR (75 MHz): δ 14.05 (Me-4), 17.22 (Me-3), 19.20 (Meax-1), 22.64 (Me-6), 27.68 (Meeq-1), 27.74 (C-8), 32.77 (C-6), 35.32 (C-7), 38.37 (C-4a), 38.75 (C-5), 48.47 (C-8a), 75.40 (C-1), 103.15 (C-4), 141.75 (C-3).
(E)-3,6,10-Trimethylundeca-3,9-dien-2-one (22): the crude reaction product was purified by flash chromatography (eluent: n-hexane/Et2O 95:5) to yield 22 as a yellow-pale oil; tR 28.69; IR (ν, cm-1): 1672 and 1642 (α,β-unsaturated C=O), 1455−1439 (CH3-C=C-); MS (m/z, %): 208 (M+, 1), 193 (M+−Me, 3), 165 (M+−[Me-C=O], 9), 150 (3), 136 (5), 125 ([(Me)2C=CH-(CH2)2-CH(Me)-CH2-]+, 9), 123 (14), 109 (26), 97 ([-CH2-CH=C(Me)-CO-Me]+, 3), 95 (10), 83 ([(Me)2C=CH-(CH2)2-]+, [CH=C(Me)-CO-Me]+, 11), 81 (12), 69 ([(Me)2C=C-CH2-]+, 52), 55 ([(Me)2C=CH-]+, 30), 43 (Me-C=O+, 94), 41 (100); 1H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.93 (d, J=6.6, 3H, Me-6), 1.18–1,42 (m, 2H, H-7), 1.34–1.64 (m, 1H, H-6), 1.61 (br s, 3H, Me-10), 1.69 (br s, 3H, H-11), 1.77 (br s, 3H, Me-3), 1.90–2.28 (m, 4H, H-5, H-8), 2.31 (s, 3H, H-1), 5.09 (br t, J=7.0, 1H, H-9), 6.66 (br t, J=7.4, 1H, H-4); 13C-NMR (75 MHz): δ 11.20 (Me-3), 17.54 (Me-10), 19.59 (Me-6), 25.35 (C-1), 25.47 (C-8), 25.61 (C-11), 32.66 (C-6), 36.29 (C-7), 36.82 (C-5), 124.31 (C-9), 131.37 (C-10), 138.15 (C-3), 142.66 C-4), 199.70 (C-2).
(E)-3-Methyl-5-phenylpent-3-en-2-one (24) and (E)-3-methyl-5-phenylpent-4-en-2-one (25): the crude reaction product was purified by vacuum distillation (60 °C, 0.08 Torr) to yield a 4:1 mixture of 24 and 25 as a brown oil; tR 29.80 (24) and 28.76 (25); IR (ν, cm-1): 3084, 3060, 3027 (C=C, Ar), 1694 (CH3COCH(CH3)C), 1694 and 1667 (C=C(CH3)COCH3), 1452 (CH2C=C); MS (m/z, %) of 24: 175 (M++1, 11), 174 (M+, 9), 159 (M+–Me, 29), 131 (M+–MeCO, 100), 91 (C7H7+, 99), 77 (C6H5+, 12). MS (m/z, %) of 25: 174 (M+, 9), 131 (M+–MeCO, 100), 116 (M+–MeCO−Me, 15), 91 (C7H7+, 46), 77 (C6H5+, 8); 1H-NMR (400 MHz): δ 1.27 (d, JMe-3-3=7, 3H, Me-C-3, 25), 1.89 (d, JMe-3-4=1.2, 3H, Me-C-3, 24), 2.19 (s, 3H, Me-1, 25), 2.30 (s, 3H, Me-1, 24), 3.35 (q, J3-4-Me-3=7.5, 1H, H-3, 25), 3.59 (d, J4-5=7.5, 2H, H-5, 24), 3.59 (d, J4-5=7.5, 2H, H-4, 25), 6.52 (d, J5-4=15.9, 1H, H-5, 25), 6.76 (tq, J4-5=7.2, J4-Me-3=1.2, 1H, H-4, 24), 7.15−7.50 (m, 5H, Ph, 24 and25); 13C-NMR (100 MHz): δ 11.34 (Me-C3, 24), 25.51 (C-1, 24), 35.36 (C-5, 24), 127.64 (C-4’,24), 128.48 (C-5’ and -3’, 24), 128.76 (C-2’ and -6’, 24), 138.07 (C-3, 24), 138.92 (C-1’, 24), 141.49 (C-4, 24), 199.79 (C-2, 24); 16.15 (Me-3, 25), 28.14 (C-1, 25), 51.34 (C-3, 25), 126.24 (C-5’ and -3’, 25), 127.46 (C-4’,25), 128.48 (C-2’ and -6’, 25), 128.74 (C-4, 25), 132.15 (C-5, 25), 135.81 (C-1’, 25), 208.08 (C-2, 25).
(E)-3-Methyl-5-((1S,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)pent-3-en-2-one (27): the crude reaction product was purified by flash chromatography (eluent: n-hexane/Et2O 4:1) to yield 27 as a colourless oil; [α]25D = –16.3 (c 1.35, MeOH); tR 38.06; IR (ν, cm-1): 2982 and 2907 (cyclohexane), 1669 and 1641 (CH=C(CH3)COCH3), 1468 and 1431 (CH=CCH3), 1365 and 1387 (C(CH3)2); MS (m/z, %): 220 (M+, 1), 205 (M+−Me, 9), 177 (M+−Me−CO, 13), 137 (M+−CH=C(CH3)COCH3, 7), 123 (M+ −CH2CH=C(CH3)COCH3, 27), 83 (CH=C(CH3)COCH3+, 20), 43 (CH3CO+, 86); 1H-NMR (400 MHz): δ 0.89 (d, J7’s-7’a=9.0, 1H, H-7’s), 1.07 (s, 3H, CH3-9’), 1.19 (s, 3H, CH3-8), 1.50 (ddt, J3’a-3’s=14.5, J3’a-4’a=11.5, J3’a-4’s-2’=5.9, 1H, H-3’a), 1.76 (q, JMe-3-4=1.1, 3H, CH3-3), 1.88–1.82 (m, 1H, H-1’), 1.95–1.89(m, 1H, H-2’), 1.91–1.85 (m, 1H, H-4’a), 2.00–1.91 (m, 1H, H-4’s), 2.04–1.93 (m, 1H, H-3’s), 2.19 (ddt, J5’-1’=2.0, J5’-7’a=2.6, J5’-4’s-4’a=7.4, 1H, H-5’), 2.29 (s, 3H, CH3-1), 2.39–2.32 (m, 1H, H-7’a), 2.35–2.30 (m, 2H, H-5), 6.62 (tq, J4-5=7.3 and J4-Me–3=1.3, 1H, H-4); 13C-NMR (100 MHz): δ 11.36 (Me-C-3), 22.28 (C-3’), 23.18 (Me-9’), 25.43 (C-1), 26.36 (C-4’), 28.12 (Me-8’), 33.81 (C-7’), 36.78 (C-5), 38.71 (C-6’), 41.13 (C-5’), 41.33 (C-2’), 45.79 (C-1’), 137.83 (C-3), 143.41 (C-4), 199.92 (C-2).

3.4. Deconjugative α-methylation of 19, 20, 22,24 and 27 to give 28−32

A solution of the appropriate α,β-unsaturated ketone [19, 20, 22,24 (+25) or 27] (60.5 mmol) in dry DMF (4 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of KtBuO (6.98 g, 61.0 mmol) in dry DMF (30 mL) at room temperature for 30 min. After the addition was completed, the reaction was stirred for 10 min and then cooled to 0 °C. Pre-cooled MeI ( 22.81 g, 160.7 mmol) was added quickly and the reaction mixture stirred at that temperature for 10 min and then allowed to warm to room temperature. Brine (10 mL) and 1N AcOH solution (10 mL) were added and the crude was extracted with hexane/Et2O 1:1 (75 mL). The resulting organic solution was washed with 1N AcOH solution (2×30 mL) and brine (3×30 mL), dried over anhyd Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford crude β,γ-unsaturated ketones 28–32, which were all purified by flash chromatography (eluent: hexane/Et2O). The deconjugative α-methylation reaction (a) of 19 afforded (E)-3,3,6-trimethylhept-4-en-2-one (28) in a 77% yield, (b) of 20 afforded (E)-3,3-dimethyldec-4-en-2-one (29) in a 42% yield, (c) of 22 afforded (E)-3,3,6,10-tetramethylundeca-4,9-dien-2-one (30) in a 55% yield, (d) of a 4:1 mixture of 24 and 25 afforded (E)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpent-4-en-2-one (31) in a 84% yield, and (e) of 27 afforded (E)-3,3-dimethyl-5-((1S,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)pent-4-en-2-one (32) in a 85% yield.
(E)-3,3,6-Trimethylhept-4-en-2-one (28): yellow-pale oil; IR (ν, cm-1): 1712 (C=O), 1672 (H-C=C-H) and 1467 (-CH-C=C-C-); MS (m/z, %): 154 (M+, 1), 111(M+−C(CH3)2, 51), 69 ((CH3)2CH-CH=CH-+, 100), 55 ((CH3)2CH-C-+, 46), 43 (CH3-C=O+, 51); 1H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.98 (d, J=6.9, 6H, Me-7 and Me-C6), 1.20 (s, 6H, 2 Me-C3), 2.09 (s, 3H, Me-1), 2.29 (o, J=6.3, 1H, H-6), 5.42 (d, J4-5=15.7, 1H, H-4), 5.50 (dd, J5-4=15.8, J5-6=5.6, 1H, H-5); 13C-NMR (75 MHz): δ 22.35 (2 Me-C3), 24.01 (C-7 and Me-C6), 25.21 (C-1), 31.16 (C-6), 49.85 (C-3), 131.33 (C-5), 137.48 (C-4), 211.92 (C-2).
(E)-3,3-Dimethyldec-4-en-2-one (29): yellow-pale oil; IR (ν, cm-1): 1713 (C=O) and 1467 (-CH-CH=CH-C-); MS (m/z, %): 182 (M+, 1), 167 (M+−Me, 1), 139 (M+−Me-C=O, 17), 97 (CH3-(CH2)4-CH-+, 8), 85 (Me-CO-C(Me)2-+, 1), 83 (33), 69 (100), 57 (CH3-(CH2)-+, 4), 55 (28), 43 (Me-C=O+); 1H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.89 (t, J=6.9, 3H, Me-10), 1.20 (s, 6H, 2 Me-C3), 1.22–1.41 (m, 6H, H-7, H-8, H-9), 2.03 (q, J=6.5, 2H, H-6), 2.10 (s, 3H, Me-1), 5.46 (d, J=15.6, 1H, H-4), 5.55 (dd, J5-4=6.0, J5-6=15.6, 1H, H-5); 13C-NMR (75 MHz):δ 13.88 (C-10), 22.42 (C-9), 23.99 (2 Me-C-3), 25.27 (C-1), 28.94 (C-7), 31.28 (C-8), 32.62 (C-6), 50.06 (C-3), 130.53 (C-5), 134.16 (C-4), 211.92 (C-2).
(E)-3,3,6,10-Tetramethylundeca-4,9-dien-2-one (30): yellow-pale oil; IR (ν, cm-1): 1712 (C=O), 1677 and 1628 (C=C), 1455 (-CH-C=C-C-); MS (m/z, %): 222 (M+, 1), 207 (M+−Me, 1), 179 (M+−Me-C=O, 5), 137 (M+−(Me)2C-CO-Me, 2), 124 ((Me)2-C=C-(CH2)2-CH(Me)-CH+, 3), 123 (13), 109 ((Me)2-C=CH-(CH2)2-CH(Me)-CH+−Me, 23), 95 (12), 83 ((Me)2-C=CH-(CH2)2+, 32), 69 ((Me)2-C=CH-CH2+,100), 55 ((Me)2-C=CH+, 21), 43 (Me-C=O+, 54); 1H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.90 (d, J=6.6, 3H, Me-C-6), 1.13 (s, 6H, 2 Me-C-3), 1.17–1.29 (m, 2H, H-7), 1.51 (br s, 3H, Me-11), 1.61 (br s, 3H, Me-C-10), 1.83 (q, 2H, H-8), 2.03 (s, 3H, Me-1), 2.40 (q, J=7.4, 1H, H-6), 5.01 (br t, J=7.1, 1H, H-9), 5.30 (dd, J5-4=15.7, J5-6=6.8, 1H, H-5), 5.38 (d, J=15.7, 1H, H-4);13C-NMR (75 MHz):δ 17.62 (C-11), 20.63 (Me-C-6), 24.05 and 24.12 (2 Me-C-3), 25.30 (C-1), 25.57 (Me-C-10), 25.80 (C-8), 36.56 (C-6), 37.06 (C-7), 50.02 (C-3), 124.47 (C-9), 131.31 (C-10), 132.77 (C-5), 136.27 (C-4), 211.86 (C-2).
(E)-3,3-Dimethyl-5-phenylpent-4-en-2-one (31): brown oil; IR (ν, cm-1): 3082, 3059 and 3026 (C=C, Ar), 1690 (CH3COC(CH3)2), 1679 and 971 (HC=CH), 1363 and 1363 (C(CH3)2), 749 and 694 (Ph); MS (m/z, %): 188 (M+, 1), 173 (M+-CH3, 1), 145 (M+−CH3CO, 30), 131 (M+−Me−CH3CO, 5), 91 (C7H7+, 99), 77 (C6H5+, 4), 43 (CH3CO+, 12), 28 (CO+, 100); 1H-NMR (400 MHz): δ 1.32 (s, 6H, 2CH3-C-3), 2.13 (s, 3H, Me-1), 6.26 (d, J4-5=16.2, 1H, H-4), 6.45 (d, J5-4=16.3, 1H, H-5), 7.21 (tt, J4’-3’-5’=7.2, J4’-2’-6’=1.5, 1H, H-4’), 7.29 (t, J3’-2’-4’=7.3, 2H, H-3’ and 5’), 7.35 (dd, J2’-3’/6’-5’=7.1, J2’-4’/6’-4’=1.3, 2H, H-2’ and 6’); 13C-NMR (100 MHz): δ 23.91 (2CH3-C-3), 25.46 (C-1), 50.36 (C-3), 126.18 (C-2’ and C-6’), 127.47 (C-4), 128.48 (C-3’ and C-5’), 129.29 (C-4’), 133.99 (C-5), 136.85 (C-1’), 210.60 (C-2).
(E)-3,3-Dimethyl-5-((1S,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)pent-4-en-2-one (32): yellow-pale oil; [α]25D = –22.3 (c 1.15, MeOH); Rt 35.85; IR (ν, cm-1): 2939 and 2909 (cyclohexane), 1710 (CH3COC(CH3)2), 1672 and 972 (HC=CH), 1383 and 1364 (C(CH3)2). MS (m/z, %): 234 (M+, 1), 219 (M+–Me, 1), 191 (M+−CH3CO, 23), 149 (M+−CH3COC(CH3)2, 15), 93 (C7H9+, 3), 69 (CH3COCHCH3+, 100), 43 (CH3CO+, 77); 1H-NMR (400 MHz): δ 2.08 (s, 3H, Me-1), 5.37 (dd, J4-5=15.8, J4-2´=1.6, 1H, H-4), 5.67 (dd, J5-4=15.8, J5-2’=6.8, 1H, H-5), 1.91–1.99 (m, 1H, CH-1’), 2.73 (ddddd, J2’-3’s=10.5, J2’-5 =6.8, J2’-1’=6.0, J2’-3’a =2.5, J2’-4=1.7, 1H, H-2’), 1.60 (dddd, J3’a-3’s=15.3, J3’a-4’a=10.5, J3’a-2’=6.0, J3’a-4’s=4.5, 1H, H-3’a), 1.93–2.02 (m, 1H, H-3’s), 1.81–1.92 (m, 1H, H-4’a), 1.92–2.00 (m, 1H, H-4’s), 1.86–1.96 (m, 1H, H-5’), 0.99 (d, J7’s-7’a=9.7, 1H, H-7’s), 2.32 (dddd, J7’s-7’a=9.7, J7’s-1’=6.6, J7’s-5’=5.7, J7’s-4’a=1.6, 1H, H-7’a), 1.19 (s, 3H, Me-8), 0.95 (s, 3H, Me-9), 1.19 (s, 6H, 2CH3-C-3); 13C-NMR (100 MHz): δ 21.42 (C-3’), 23.53 (Me-9’), 24.03 (2CH3-C-3), 25.35 (C-1), 26.00 (C-4’), 27.83 (Me-8’), 32.31 (C-7’), 38.53 (C-6’),41.08 (C-5’), 43.34 (C-2’), 46.99 (C-1’), 49.96 (C-3), 132.09 (C-4), 137.15 (C-5), 211.80 (C-2).

3.5. Reduction of 28–32 with NaBH4 to give 33–37

Solid NaBH4 (2.77 g, 71.8 mmol) was added portionwise to a stirred solution of starting β,γ-unsaturated ketone 28–32 (54.7 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) at 0 °C. After 15 min the reaction was allowed to warm to rt and left to react for 45 min. Then, the solvent was partially evaporated under reduced pressure and the resulting suspension was diluted with hexane/Et2O 1:2 (75 mL), cooled again to 0 °C and neutralized with 1N AcOH solution. The organic layer was washed again with 1N AcOH solution (50 mL) and brine (3 × 50 mL), then dried over anhyd Na2SO4 and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield crude alcohols 33–37, which were purified by flash chromatography (eluent: hexane/Et2O). The reduction with NaBH4 (a) of 28 afforded (E)-3,3,6-trimethylhept-4-en-2-ol (33) in a 62% yield, (b) of 29 afforded (E)-3,3-dimethyldec-4-en-2-ol (34) in a 76% yield, (c) of 30 afforded (E)-3,3,6,10-tetramethylundeca-4,9-dien-2-ol (35) in a 90% yield, (d) of 31 afforded (E)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpent-4-en-2-ol (36) in a 80% yield, and (e) of 32 afforded (E)-3,3-dimethyl-5-((1S,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)pent-4-en-2-ol (37) in a 77% yield.
(E)-3,3,6-Trimethylhept-4-en-2-ol (33): yellow-pale oil; tR 11.62; IR (ν, cm-1): 3684 (OH), 1466 (CH-C=C-C); MS (m/z, %): 142 (M+−14, 1), 127 (1), 123 (M+−Me–H2O, 1), 113 (M+−(CH3)2CH, 2), 112 (25), 69 ((CH3)2CH-CH=CH+, 100), 56 ((CH3)2CH-CH=C+, 22), 55 (34), 43 ((CH3)2CH+, 38); 1H- NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.97 (s, 6H, 2CH3-C-3), 0.99 (d, J=6.6, 6H, Me-7 and Me-C-6), 1.09 (d, J=6.3, 3H, Me-1), 2.28 (o, J=6.7, 1H, H-6), 3.46 (q, J=6.4, 1H, H-2), 5.34 (d, J4-5=15.7, 1H, H-4), 5.43 (dd, J5-4=15.7, J5-6=6.2, 1H, H-5); 13C-NMR (75 MHz): δ 17.24 (C-1), 21.78*a (Me-C-3), 22.79*b (Me-C-6), 22.81*b (Me-7), 24.03*a (Me’-C-3), 31.35 (C-6), 40.44 (C-3), 74.13 (C-2), 133.55 (C-5), 136.98 (C-4) (*these signals may be interchanged); HRMS m/z, calcd. for C10H20O, 156.1514 (M+), found 156.1467.
(E)-3,3-Dimethyldec-4-en-2-ol (34): yellow-pale oil; tR 22.25; IR (ν, cm-1): 3841−3400 (OH), 1467 (CH2-CH=CH); MS (m/z, %): 169 (M+−Me, 1), 167 (M+−OH, 1), 140 (13), 139 (Me-CH-OH+, 3), 125 (4), 112 (5), 97 (CH3-(CH2)4-CH=CH+, 11), 83 (31), 69 (100), 55 (34), 43 (27), 41 (50); 1H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.89 (t, J=6.5, 3H, Me-10), 0.97 (s, 6H, 2Me-C-3), 1.09 (d, J=6.3, 3H, Me-1), 1.25–1.44 (m, 6H, H-7, H-8, H-9), 2.02 (q, J=6.6, 2H, H-6), 3.46 (q, J=6.2, 1H, CH-2), 5.38 (d, J4-5=15.9, 1H, H-4), 5.47 (dd, J5-6=6.1, J5-4=15.7, 1H, H-5); 13C-NMR (75 MHz): δ 14.02 (C-10), 17.24 (C-1), 21.73*a (Me-C-3), 22.47 (C-9), 24.03*a (Me-C-3), 29.30 (C-7), 31.36*b (C-8), 32.83*b (C-6), 40.68 (C-3), 74.11 (C-2), 129.83 (C-5), 136.57 (C-4) (*these signals may be interchanged); HRMS m/z, calcd. for C12H20O, 184.1827 (M+), found 184.1183.
(E)-3,3,6,10-Tetramethylundeca-4,9-dien-2-ol (35): yellow-pale oil; tR 31.25; IR (ν, cm-1): 3430 (OH) and 1455 (CH2-CH=CH); MS (m/z, %): 180 ((M++1)−[Me-CH-OH], 1), 137 (M+−[(Me)2C-CHOH-Me], 8), 123 (19), 109 ([(Me)2-C=CH-(CH2)2-CH(Me)-CH]+−Me, 50), 95 (21), 83 ([(Me)2-C=CH-(CH2)2]+, 29), 69 ([(Me)2-C=CH-CH2]+,100), 55 ([(Me)2-C=CH]+, 30), 45 (54); 1H-NMR (300 MHz): δ 0.96–0.98 (m, 3H, Me-C-6), 0.98 (s, 6H, 2 Me-3), 1.09 (d, J=6.5, 3H, Me-1), 1.29 (q, J=7.4, 2H, CH2-7), 1.58 (br s, 3H, Me-C-10), 1.68 (br s, 3H, Me-11), 1.93 (q, J= 7.6, 2H, CH2-8), 2.11 (m, J=6.8, 1H, CH-6), 3.46 (q, J=6.2, 1H, CH-2), 5.09 (br t, J=7.2, 1H, CH-9), 5.29 (dd, J1=16.0, J2= 6.6, 1H, CH-5), 5.36 (d, J=15.6, 1H, CH-4); 13C-NMR (75 MHz): δ 17.28 (C-1), 17.62 (C-11), 21.04 (Me-C6), 21.97 (Me-C3), 23.98 (Me’-C3), 25.67 (Me-C10), 25.89 (C-8), 36.72 (C-6), 37.26 (C-7), 40.59 (C-3), 74.13 (C-2), 124.59 (C-9), 131.19 (C-10), 135.00 (C-5), 135.58 (C-4); HRMS m/z, calcd. for C15H28O, 224.2140 (M+), found 224.2157.
(E)-3,3-Dimethyl-5-phenylpent-4-en-2-ol (36): yellow oil; tR 32.30; IR (ν, cm-1): 3406, 1093, 1071 (OH); 1383 (C(CH3)2); 1646, 972 (CH=CH). 1945, 1875, 1802, 911, 748, 693 (Ph); 1H-NMR (400 MHz): 1.10 (s, 6H, 2Me-C-3), 1.13 (d, J=6.4, 3H, Me-1), 3.58 (q, J=6.3, 1H, H-2), 6.22 (d, J4-5=16.3, 1H, H-4), 6.39 (d, J5-4=16.3, 1H, H-5), 7.19 (tt, J4’-3’-5’=7.2 and J4’-2’-6’=0.9, 1H, H-4’), 7.28 (dt, J3’-2’-4’=7.4 and J3’-5’=1.5, 2H, H-3’ and H-5’), 7.36 (br d, J2’-3’=7.4H, 2H, H-2’ and H-6’); 13C-NMR (100 MHz): 17.75 (C-1), 22.27 and 23.56 (2 M-C-3), 41.23 (C-3), 74.44 (C-2), 126.08 (C-2’ and C-6’), 127.08 (C-4), 128.41 (C-4’), 128.45 (C-3’ and C-5’), 136.94 (C-5), 137.48 (C-1’); HRMS m/z, calcd. for C13H18O, 190.1358 (M+), found 190.1345.
(E)-3,3-Dimethyl-5-((1S,2S,5S)-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-yl)pent-4-en-2-ol (37): yellow-pale oil; [α]25D = −20.9 (c 0.85, MeOH); tR 36.70; IR (ν, cm-1): 3475–3300 (OH), 1090, 1069 (CH-OH), 1384, 1366 (C(CH3)2); 1654, 975 (CH=CH); 1H-NMR (400 MHz): δ 1.08 (d, J=6.4, 3H, H-1), 3.46 (q, J=6.4, 1H, H-2), 5.29 (dd, J4-5=15.8 and J4-2´=1.5, 1H, H-4), 5.62 (dd, J5-4=15.8, J5-2’=7.0, 1H, H-5), 1.89–1.99 (m, 1H, H-1’), 2.73 (dtt, J2’-1’-4=1.1, J2’-3’a-5=6.0, J2’-3’s=11.8 1H, H-2’), 1.61 (ddt, J3’a-4’a=5.6, J3’a-3’s=10.2, J3’a-2’-4’s=10.0, 1H, H-3’a), 1.93–2.03 (m, 1H, H-3’s), 1.81–1.92 (m, 1H, H-4’a), 1.92–1.99 (m, 1H, H-4’s), 1.86–1.97 (m, 1H, H-5’), 0.99 (d, J7’s-7’a=9.9, 1H, H-7’s), 2.32 (dt, J7’s-7’a=8.8, J7’a-1’-5’=6.1, 1H, H-7’a), 1.19 (s, 3H, Mes-C-6), 0.97 (s, 3H, Mes-C-6), 0.97 (s, 3H, Me-C-3), 0.96 (s, 3H, Me’-C-3); 13C-NMR (100 MHz): δ 17.25 (C-1), 21.69 and 21.74 (Me’-C-3), 21.82 and 21.77 (C-3’), 23.59 (Me-9), 24.03 (Me-C-3), 26.09 (C-4’), 27.90 (Me-8), 32.43 (C-7’), 38.58 (C-6’), 40.54 (C-3), 41.13 (C-5’), 43.60 (C-2’), 47.48 and 47.35 (C-1’), 74.21 and 74.18 (C-2), 134.46 (C-4), 136.74 (C-5); HRMS m/z, calcd. for C16H28O, 236.2140 (M+), found 236.1993.

3.6. Sensory evaluation

Direct smelling analysis. Blotting paper strips were impregnated with compounds 33–37, previously diluted with Et2O (25 mg/200 μL), and smelt by perfumers at that moment (after solvent evaporation), 3 h and 24 h later. The olfactory description in each session therefore corresponded to the top, heart and base notes, respectively.
GC sniffing analysis. Odour assessment of compounds 33–37 was achieved by a group of perfumers using a Hewlett-Packard Model 5890 Series II gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and handmade sniffing port. Separation was done with a 10% Carbowax 20M over Chromosorb W/AW 80−100 mesh packed column (1.8 m×6 mm OD×2.2 mm ID); injector temperature: 250 °C; detector temperature: 250 °C, oven temperature program: 60 °C (0 min) to 240 °C (20 min) at 4 °C/min. Sample size for each injection was approximately 1 μL in a 1:10 split mode.

4. Conclusions

The literature SOR data on the sandalwood olfactophore seem to point that the bulky hydrophobic moiety of odorants such as β-santalol (1) and campholenal derivatives 2–5 could be replaced by substructures of similar steric bulk. Thus, new five bulky moiety modified analogues 33–37 of the commercial sandalwood odorant Polysantol® (2) have been synthesized. Starting from the aldehydes isovaleraldehyde (12), heptanal (13), citronellal (14), phenylacetaldehyde (15) and dihydronopal (18), and by an expeditious sequence of aldol condensation with butanone, deconjugative α-methylation of the resulting α,β-unsaturated ketones, and reduction of the corresponding β,γ-unsaturated ketones, the new five analogues were prepared in good yield. These compounds 33-37 were organoleptically evaluated and one of them (compound 37) seemed to be of special interest due to its natural sandalwood scent, which means that the dihydronopyl group is able to mimic the bulky hydrophobic center C of the sandalwood olfactophore. The other synthesized alcohols do not seem to be of interest as odorants, although the branched-chain citronellal derivative 35 and the aromatic-ring phenylacetaldehyde derivative 36 have some sandalwood notes, at least according to the GC sniffing odour evaluation.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología for partial financial support (R+D Project PPQ2000-1665; partial financial support from the FEDER funds of the European Union) and the Junta de Andalucía for partial financial support (research group FQM-182). We also greatly thank Carles Ibáñez, Fina Caballer and Meritxell Antic of Lucta S.A. (Barcelona, Spain) for the odour evaluation.
  • Samples Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chapado, L.; Linares-Palomino, P.J.; Badía, C.; Salido, S.; Nogueras, M.; Sánchez, A.; Altarejos, J. Synthesis and Olfactory Evaluation of Bulky Moiety-Modified Analogues to the Sandalwood Odorant Polysantol®. Molecules 2009, 14, 2780-2800. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14082780

AMA Style

Chapado L, Linares-Palomino PJ, Badía C, Salido S, Nogueras M, Sánchez A, Altarejos J. Synthesis and Olfactory Evaluation of Bulky Moiety-Modified Analogues to the Sandalwood Odorant Polysantol®. Molecules. 2009; 14(8):2780-2800. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14082780

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chapado, Laura, Pablo J. Linares-Palomino, Concepción Badía, Sofía Salido, Manuel Nogueras, Adolfo Sánchez, and Joaquín Altarejos. 2009. "Synthesis and Olfactory Evaluation of Bulky Moiety-Modified Analogues to the Sandalwood Odorant Polysantol®" Molecules 14, no. 8: 2780-2800. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14082780

APA Style

Chapado, L., Linares-Palomino, P. J., Badía, C., Salido, S., Nogueras, M., Sánchez, A., & Altarejos, J. (2009). Synthesis and Olfactory Evaluation of Bulky Moiety-Modified Analogues to the Sandalwood Odorant Polysantol®. Molecules, 14(8), 2780-2800. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14082780

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