Oxidative Stress, Lipid Profile and Liver Functions in Average Egyptian Long Term Depo Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA) Users
Abstract
:Introduction
Subjects and Methods
Subjects
Methods
Results
Effect of DMPA on liver functions
Groups | ALT (U/L) | AST(U/L) | ALP (U/L) | T .Bilirubin (mg/dL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal control | 15.9±0.32 | 19.1±0.41 | 65.33 ± 1.1 | 0.51 ± 0.01 |
One year | 19.9±0.42* | 18.8±0.37 | 63.6 ±1.0 | 0.55± 0.01 |
Two years | 16.6±0.35 | 20.1±0.36 | 70.8±1.5 | 0.53±0.01 |
Three years | 15.2±0.29 | 19.5±0.39 | 67±1.57 | 0.49±0.006 |
Four years | 14.9±0.33 | 17.8±0.39 | 64.1 ± 0.78 | 0.54 ±0.01 |
Effect of DMPA on lipid profile
Groups | TG (mg/dL) | TC (mg/dL) | HDLC (mg/dL) | LDLC (mg/dL) | LDLC/HDL ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 107.8±2.1 | 143.3±2.5 | 61.06±1.1 | 60.43 ± 1.29 | 0.987 |
One year | 114.4±1.8 | 146.4±2.9 | 58.4 ±1.2 | 62.1± 1.2 | 1.06 |
Two years | 109.3±2.1 | 140.1±2.1 | 55.7±1.1* | 63.5±1.2 | 1.14 |
Three years | 112.8±2.0 | 137.2±2.5 | 54.4±1.0** | 65.2±1.3* | 1.19 |
Four years | 110.6±2 | 148.6±2.3 | 52.7±1.1*** | 66.6 ±1.47* | 1.26 |
Effect of DMPA on serum MDA, erythrocytic GSH content and plasma nitrite (NO) levels
Group | MDA( nmol/mL) | GSH (µg / mL) | NO (µmol/ mL) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 2.3±0.03 | 496.7 ± 9.1 | 21.57 ± 0.42 |
One year | 3.2±0.07** | 464.6±9.2** | 22.6 ± 0.46 |
Two years | 4.1±10.06** | 454.9±10.06** | 20.7 ± 0.49 |
Three years | 4.2±0.17*** | 437.3±8.68*** | 20.3 ± 0.44 |
Four years | 4.7±0.19*** | 428.79±4.3*** | 23.5 ± 0.47 |
Discussion
Conclusions and Recommendations
- 1 -
- DMPA is generally a safe contraceptive for healthy and young women.
- 2 -
- Although it showed very faint effect on a single liver function, a long term followup is advisable for users having possible liver problems.
- 3 -
- Cardiovascular patients generally should be observed during the term of DMPA intake and a complete lipid profile is always advisable.
- 4 -
- Monitoring is very advisable for each individual case with a regular record of body weights, life style, exercise and diet control as necessary guidelines for patient followup.
- 5 -
- Oxidative stress is also a considerable effect which appears as a factor related to most possible inflammatory, aging and haematologic diseases. Thus, DMPA may be much safer when antioxidants, specially those from natural sources, are prescribed concomitantly during the period of drug use.
References
- Sang, G.W. Pharmacodynamic effects of once – a month combined injectable contraceptives. Contraception 1994, 49, 361–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silverstolpe, G.; Samsioe, G.; Svanborg, A.; Gustafson, A. Lipid metabolic studies in oophorectomized women: effects of synthetic progestogens on individual serum phospholipids and serum lecithin fatty acid composition. Gynecol. Obestet. Invest. 1982, 13, 117–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mukherjea, M.; Mukherjee, P.; Biswas, R.; Chakraborty, A.S.; Kushari, J. Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception on human serum enzymes. Int. J. Fertil. 1981, 26, 35–39. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Fraser, I.S.; Weisberg, E. A comprehensive review of injectable contraceptive with special emphasis on DMPA. Med. J. Austral. 1981, 24, 3–19. [Google Scholar]
- Cheeseman, K. H.; Slater, T. F. An introduction to free radical biochemistry. Brit. Med. Bull. 1993, 49, 481–493. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Reilly, P. M.; Schiller, H. J.; Buckley, G. B. Pharmacological approach to tissue injury and other reactive oxygen metabolites. Am. J. Surg. 1991, 161, 488–503, (Review). [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wojtczak, L.; Slyshenkov, V.S. Protection by pantothenic acid against apoptosis and cell damage by oxygen free radicals, the role of glutathione. Biofactors 2003, 17, 61–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ito, S.; Ren, Y. L. Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in macula densa control of glomerular hemodynamics. J. Clin. Invest 1993, 92, 1093–1098. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kanwar, S.; Wallace, J. L.; Befus, D.; Kubes, P. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition increases epithelial permeability via mast cells. Am. J. Physiol. 1994, 266, G 222–229. [Google Scholar]
- Subakir, S. B.; Stiadi, E.; Affandi, B.; Pringgoutomo, S.; Freisleben, H. J. Benefits of vitamin E supplementation to Norplant users in vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicol. 2000, 148, 173–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reitman, S.; Frankel, S. A colorimetric method for determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1957, 28, 56–63. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Belfield, A.; Goldberg, D.M. Revised assay for serum phenyl phosphatase activity using 4-aminoantipyrine. Enzyme 1971, 12, 561–573. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Rand, R. N.; Di Pasqua, A. A new diazo method for determination of bilirubin. Clin. Chem. 1962, 8, 570–578. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Roeschlau, P.; Bernt, E.; Gruber, W. J. Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol in serum. Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 1974, 12, 403–407. [Google Scholar]
- Bucolo, G.; David, H. Quantitative determination of serum triglycerides by the use of enzymes. Clin. Chem. 1973, 19, 476–482. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lopes-Virella, M.F.; Stone, P.; Ellis, S.; Colwell, J.A. Cholesterol determination in high density lipoprotein separated by three different methods. Clin. Chem 1977, 23, 882–884. [Google Scholar]
- Okuma, M.; Steiner, M.; Baldini, M. Studies on lipid peroxides in the platelets. I: Method of assay and effect of storage. J. Clin. Med. 1970, 75, 283–296. [Google Scholar]
- Bredt, D.S.; Snyder, S.H. Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger molecule. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1994, 63, 175–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beutler, E.; Duron, O.; Kelly, B. M. Improved method for determination of blood glutathione. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1963, 61, 882–888. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Illman, G. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1963, 74, 214–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mould, R. F. Introductory medical statistics, 2nd Edn.; Adam Hilger: Bristol and Philadelphia, 1989; pp. 108, 126, 173. [Google Scholar]
- Kaunitz, A.M. Long acting injectable contraception with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Am. J. Obest. Gynecol. 1994, 170, 1543–1549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mark, I. Medroxyprogesterone acetate as a contraceptive for female drug addicts. Scand. J. Soc. Med. 1983, 11, 75–80. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Badimon, J. J.; Fuster, V.; Badimon, L. Role of high density lipoprotein in the regression of atherosclerosis. Circulation 1992, 86 (Suppl. 6) III, 86–94. [Google Scholar]
- Fraser, I. S. Plasma lipid changes and depot medroxy progesterone acetate. Contracept. Deliv. Syst. 1983, 4, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization (WHO). Task force on long acting systemic agents for fertility regulation. Special program of research, development training in human reproduction: A multicenter comparative study of serum lipids and apolipoproteins in long term use of DMPA and a control group of IUD users. Contraception 1993, 47, 177–191. [Google Scholar]
- Gutteridge, J. M. C.; Halliwell, B. The measurement and mechanism of lipid peroxidation in biological system. Trend. Biochem. Sci. 1990, 15, 129–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kose, K.; Dogan, P.; Ozesmi, C. Contraceptive steroids increase erythrocyte lipid peroxidation in female rats. Contraception 1993, 47, 421–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, J. S.; Menon, V.P. Per-oxidative changes in experimental diabetes mellitus. Ind. J. Med. Res. 1992, 96, 176–181. [Google Scholar]
- Marks, D.; Marks, A.; Smith, C. Oxygen metabolism and O2 toxicity in basic medical biochemistry. A clinical approach; Williams & Wilkins Publ.: Baltimore, USA, 1992; pp. 327–340. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, B. P. Cellular defenses against damage from reactive species. Physiol. Rev. 1994, 74, 139–162. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Palmer, R. M. J.; Rees, D. D.; Ashton, D.S.; Moncada, S. L–arginine is the physiological precursor for the formation of nitric oxide in endothelium-dependent relaxation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1988, 153, 1251–1256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ignarro, L. T. Nitric oxide: A novel signal transduction mechanism for transcellular communication. Hypertension 1990, 16, 477–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wakatsuki, A.; Okatani, Y.; Ikenoue, N.; Fukaya, T. Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on endothelium dependent vasodilatation in post-menopausal women receiving estrogen. Circulation 2001, 104, 1773–1778. [Google Scholar]
© 2005 by MDPI (http://www.mdpi.org). Reproduction is permitted for noncommercial purposes.
Share and Cite
Faddah, L.; Al-Rehany, M.; Abdel-Hamid, N.; Bakeet, A. Oxidative Stress, Lipid Profile and Liver Functions in Average Egyptian Long Term Depo Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA) Users. Molecules 2005, 10, 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/10091145
Faddah L, Al-Rehany M, Abdel-Hamid N, Bakeet A. Oxidative Stress, Lipid Profile and Liver Functions in Average Egyptian Long Term Depo Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA) Users. Molecules. 2005; 10(9):1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/10091145
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaddah, L., M. Al-Rehany, N. Abdel-Hamid, and A. Bakeet. 2005. "Oxidative Stress, Lipid Profile and Liver Functions in Average Egyptian Long Term Depo Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA) Users" Molecules 10, no. 9: 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/10091145