Relationship between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Low-Income Housewives in Kuala Lumpur
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | n (%) |
---|---|
Age | |
21–30 | 4 (6.3) |
31–40 | 14 (22.2) |
41–50 | 19 (30.2) |
51–60 | 26 (41.3) |
Duration of Being a Housewife (years) | |
10 | 26 (41.3) |
11–20 | 9 (14.3) |
>20 | 28 (44.4) |
Number of Children | |
2 | 10 (15.9) |
3–4 | 30 (47.6) |
5 | 23 (36.5) |
Education Level | |
Primary | 9 (14.3) |
Lower secondary | 11 (17.5) |
Upper secondary | 41 (65.1) |
Certificate and above | 2 (3.1) |
Household Income | |
RM 1000 | 10 (15.9) |
RM 1001–RM 2000 | 29 (46.0) |
>RM 2000 | 24 (38.1) |
CVD Risk Factors | n (%) | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|
BMI (kg m−2) | ||
Underweight | 0 (0) | 29.10 ± 5.67 |
Normal | 8 (12.7) | |
Overweight | 18 (28.6) | |
Obesity | 37 (58.7) | |
WC (cm) | ||
Normal (80 cm) | 12 (19.0) | 92.74 ± 16.40 |
Obesity (>80 cm) | 51 (81.0) | |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | ||
Normal | 33 (52.4) | 122.90 ± 19.05 |
Prehypertension | 21 (33.3) | |
Hypertension stage I | 5 (7.9) | |
Hypertension stage II | 4 (6.4) | |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | ||
Normal | 32 (50.8) | 81.04 ± 10.43 |
Prehypertension | 18 (28.6) | |
Hypertension stage I | 10 (15.9) | |
Hypertension stage II | 3 (4.7) | |
FBG level (mmol L−1) | ||
Normal | 31 (49.2) | 6.48 ± 2.81 |
Prediabetes | 20 (31.7) | |
Diabetes | 12 (19.1) | |
TC Level (mmol L−1) | ||
Normal | 58 (92.1) | 4.15 ± 0.72 |
Borderline high | 4 (6.3) | |
High | 1 (1.6) |
Age Group A | Mean ± SD | ||
---|---|---|---|
21–40 (n = 18) | 41–50 (n = 19) | 51–60 (n = 26) | |
BMI (kg m−2) | 28.28 ± 6.37 | 30.30 ± 5.89 | 28.79 ± 5.13 |
WC (cm) | 88.17 ± 11.29 | 95.35 ± 23.66 | 93.98 ± 10.68 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 112.14 ± 11.29 | 123.74 ± 14.99 | 129.73 ± 22.78 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 76.19 ± 9.14 | 84.24 ± 10.43 | 82.06 ± 10.44 |
FBG level (mmol L−1) | 5.26 ± 0.61 | 7.00 ± 3.08 | 6.93 ± 3.32 |
TC level (mmol L−1) | 3.98 ± 0.59 | 4.07 ± 0.64 | 4.33 ± 0.82 |
Education Level | Mean ± SD | ||
Primary and Lower Secondary (n = 20) | Upper Secondary and Above (n = 43) | ||
BMI (kg m−2) | 28.09 ± 5.30 | 29.57 ± 5.83 | |
WC (cm) | 92.63 ± 22.42 | 92.78 ± 13.02 | |
SBP (mm Hg) | 122.05 ± 18.62 | 123.29 ± 19.45 | |
DBP (mm Hg) | 79.30 ± 8.66 | 81.85 ± 11.16 | |
FBG level (mmol L−1) | 6.32 ± 2.47 | 6.54 ± 2.97 | |
TC level (mmol L−1) | 4.19 ± 0.99 | 4.13 ± 0.55 |
CVD Risk Factor | Mean ± SD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤RM 1000 (n = 10) | RM 1001–RM 2000 (n = 29) | >RM 2000 (n = 24) | F | p-Value | |
BMI (kg m−2) | 26.25 ± 5.83 | 29.59 ± 5.55 | 29.71 ± 5.63 | 1.54 | 0.22 |
WC (cm) | 86.24 ± 8.20 | 92.55 ± 12.46 | 95.67 ± 21.96 | 1.18 | 0.32 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 120.35 ± 17.23 | 123.38 ± 16.38 | 123.38 ± 23.06 | 0.10 | 0.90 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 77.20 ± 8.35 | 83.24 ± 10.30 | 79.98 ± 11.09 | 1.47 | 0.24 |
FBG level (mmol L−1) | 7.16 ± 4.63 | 6.50 ± 2.67 | 6.16 ± 1.97 | 0.44 | 0.67 |
TC level (mmol L−1) | 4.02 ± 0.83 | 4.04 ± 0.54 | 4.34 ± 0.84 | 1.35 | 0.27 |
Parameter | n (%) | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|
Category of Physical Activity Level | ||
Low | 57 (90.5) | - |
Moderate | 4 (6.3) | - |
High | 2 (3.2) | - |
Physical Activity Level | ||
Total physical activity level (MET-min/week) | - | 451.35 ± 617.78 |
MVPA (MET-min/week) | - | 70.48 ± 282.36 |
Sitting (h/day) | - | 2.92 ± 1.49 |
Factors | Physical Activity Level | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | Median | IQR | H | p-Value | |
Age | ||||||
21–40 | 18 | 452 | 347 | 260 | ||
41–50 | 19 | 604.05 | 297 | 396 | ||
>50 | 26 | 321.35 | 198 | 355 | 4.70 a | >0.05 |
Education Level | ||||||
Primary and lower secondary | 20 | 294.5 | 264 | 247 | ||
Upper secondary and others | 43 | 513.56 | 240 | 445 | 393.00 b | >0.05 |
Household Income | ||||||
≤RM 1000 | 10 | 250.90 | 214.50 | 334 | ||
RM 1001–2000 | 29 | 352.14 | 198.00 | 256 | ||
>RM 2000 | 24 | 635.50 | 396.00 | 656 | 3.62 a | >0.05 |
Parameter | Coefficients | Std Error | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 30.902 | 4.3320 | 22.412 | 39.393 | 0.000 |
WC | 0.050 | 0.0737 | −0.094 | 0.195 | 0.495 |
BMI | −0.092 | 0.1625 | −0.410 | 0.226 | 0.571 |
FBG | −0.570 | 0.1360 | −0.836 | −0.303 | <0001 * |
TC | −3.687 | 0.5994 | −4.862 | −2.512 | <0001 * |
SBP | 0.090 | 0.0294 | 0.033 | 0.148 | 0.002 |
DBP | −0.268 | 0.0489 | 22.412 | 39.393 | <0001 |
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Mohd Saat, N.Z.; Hanawi, S.A.; M. F. Farah, N.; Mohd Amin, H.; Hanafiah, H.; Shamsulkamar, N.S. Relationship between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Low-Income Housewives in Kuala Lumpur. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116090
Mohd Saat NZ, Hanawi SA, M. F. Farah N, Mohd Amin H, Hanafiah H, Shamsulkamar NS. Relationship between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Low-Income Housewives in Kuala Lumpur. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(11):6090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116090
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Saat, Nur Zakiah, Siti Aishah Hanawi, Nor M. F. Farah, Hazilah Mohd Amin, Hazlenah Hanafiah, and Nur Shazana Shamsulkamar. 2021. "Relationship between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study among Low-Income Housewives in Kuala Lumpur" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 6090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116090