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Entropy
Volume 27
Issue 7
10.3390/e27070692
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Transverse Self-Propulsion Enhances the Aggregation of Active Dumbbells

by
Pasquale Digregorio
1,*,
Claudio Basilio Caporusso
1,
Lucio Mauro Carenza
1,
Giuseppe Gonnella
1,
Daniela Moretti
1,
Giuseppe Negro
2,
Massimiliano Semeraro
1 and
Antonio Suma
1
1
Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università Degli Studi di Bari and INFN, Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
2
SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Entropy 2025, 27(7), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070692 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 29 May 2025 / Revised: 13 June 2025 / Accepted: 24 June 2025 / Published: 27 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Non-equilibrium Phenomena)
Versions Notes

Abstract

We investigate a two-dimensional system of active Brownian dumbbells using molecular dynamics simulations. In this model, each dumbbell is driven by an active force oriented perpendicular to the axis connecting its two constituent beads. We characterize the resulting phase behavior and find that, across all values of activity, the system undergoes phase separation between dilute and dense phases. The dense phase exhibits hexatic order, and for large enough activity, we observe a marked increase in local polarization, with dumbbells predominantly oriented towards the interior of the clusters. Compared to the case of axially self-propelled dumbbells, we find that the binodal region is enlarged towards lower densities at all activities. This shift arises because dumbbells with transverse propulsion can more easily form stable cluster cores, serving as nucleation seeds, and show a highly suppressed escaping rate from the cluster boundary. Finally, we observe that clusters exhibit spontaneous rotation, with the modulus of the angular velocity scaling as ω∼rg−2, where rg is the cluster’s radius of gyration. This contrasts with axially propelled dumbbells, where the scaling follows ω∼rg−1. We develop a simplified analytical model to rationalize this scaling behavior.
Keywords: active matter; self-propelled dumbbells; phase diagram; motility-induced phase separation active matter; self-propelled dumbbells; phase diagram; motility-induced phase separation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Digregorio, P.; Caporusso, C.B.; Carenza, L.M.; Gonnella, G.; Moretti, D.; Negro, G.; Semeraro, M.; Suma, A. Transverse Self-Propulsion Enhances the Aggregation of Active Dumbbells. Entropy 2025, 27, 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070692

AMA Style

Digregorio P, Caporusso CB, Carenza LM, Gonnella G, Moretti D, Negro G, Semeraro M, Suma A. Transverse Self-Propulsion Enhances the Aggregation of Active Dumbbells. Entropy. 2025; 27(7):692. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070692

Chicago/Turabian Style

Digregorio, Pasquale, Claudio Basilio Caporusso, Lucio Mauro Carenza, Giuseppe Gonnella, Daniela Moretti, Giuseppe Negro, Massimiliano Semeraro, and Antonio Suma. 2025. "Transverse Self-Propulsion Enhances the Aggregation of Active Dumbbells" Entropy 27, no. 7: 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070692

APA Style

Digregorio, P., Caporusso, C. B., Carenza, L. M., Gonnella, G., Moretti, D., Negro, G., Semeraro, M., & Suma, A. (2025). Transverse Self-Propulsion Enhances the Aggregation of Active Dumbbells. Entropy, 27(7), 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/e27070692

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