A Forward-Reverse Brascamp-Lieb Inequality: Entropic Duality and Gaussian Optimality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- For all nonnegative functions g and such that:
- For all nonnegative measurable functions and f such that:
- (i)
- m and l are positive integers; , is a compact metric space;
- (ii)
- , is a finite Borel measure on a Polish space , and is a random transformation from to , for each ;
- (iii)
- , is a finite Borel measure on a Polish space , and is a random transformation from to , for each ;
- (iv)
- For any such that , there exists such that , and , where , .
- 1.
- If the nonnegative continuous functions , are bounded away from zero and satisfy:
- 2.
- For any such that (of course, this assumption is not essential (if we adopt the convention that the infimum in (14) is when it runs over an empty set)), ,
2. Review of the Legendre-Fenchel Duality Theory
- denotes the space of continuous functions on with a compact support;
- denotes the space of all continuous functions f on that vanish at infinity (i.e., for any , there exists a compact set such that for );
- denotes the space of bounded continuous functions on ;
- denotes the space of finite signed Borel measures on ;
- denotes the space of probability measures on .
- is called a canonical map, whose action is almost trivial: it sends a function of to itself, but viewed as a function of .
- is called marginalization, which simply takes a joint distribution to a marginal distribution.
- 1.
- If the interior of C is non-empty, then there exists , such that:
- 2.
- If A is locally convex, B is compact and C is closed, then there exists such that:
3. The Entropic-Functional Duality
3.1. Compact
- 1)⇒2)
- This is the nontrivial direction, which relies on certain (strong) min-max type results. In Theorem 4, put (in (36), means that u is pointwise non-positive):
- is convex: indeed, given arbitrary and , suppose that and respectively achieve the infimum in (38) for and (if the infimum is not achievable, the argument still goes through by the approximation and limit argument). Then, for any , satisfies where . Thus, the convexity of follows from the convexity of the functional in (23);
- for any . Otherwise, for any and , we have:
- From Steps (39)–(41), we see for any , where the definition of is extended using the Donsker-Varadhan formula (that is, it is infinite when the argument is not a probability measure).
Finally, for the given , choose:- is convex;
- is well defined (that is, the choice of in (43) is inconsequential). Indeed, if is such that , then:
Invoking Theorem 4 (where the in Theorem 4 can be chosen as the constant function , ): - 2)⇒1)
- Since is finite and is bounded by assumption, we have , . Moreover, (13) is trivially true when for some i, so we will assume below that for each i. Define by:
- (51) uses the Donsker-Varadhan formula, and we have chosen , , such that:
- (52) also follows from the Donsker-Varadhan formula.
The result follows since can be arbitrary.☐
- For any such that , , there exists such that for each i and for each j.
- 1.
- For any nonnegative continuous functions , bounded away from zero and such that:
- 2.
- For any such that , ,
- To see (67), we note that the sup in (66) can be restricted to , which is a probability measure, since otherwise, the relative entropy terms in (66) are by its definition via the Donsker-Varadhan formula. Then, we select such that (67) holds.
- In (68), we have chosen such that:☐
3.2. Noncompact
- The assumption that is a compact metric space is relaxed to the assumption that it is a locally compact and σ-compact Polish space;
- and , are canonical maps (see Definition 2).
4. Gaussian Optimality
4.1. Non-Degenerate Forward Channels
- Fix Lebesgue measures and Gaussian measures on ;
- non-degenerate (Definition 3 below) linear Gaussian random transformation (where ) associated with conditional expectation operators ;
- are induced by coordinate projections;
- positive and .
- 1.
- For any , the infimum in (75) is attained by some Borel .
- 2.
- If are non-degenerate (Definition 3), then the supremum in (76) is achieved by some Borel .
- Assume that and are maximizers of (possibly equal). Let . Define:
- Next, we perform the same algebraic expansion as in the proof of tensorization:
- (84) uses Lemma 1.
- (86) is because of the Markov chain (for any coupling).
- In (87), we selected a particular instance of coupling , constructed as follows: first, we select an optimal coupling for given marginals . Then, for any , let be an optimal coupling of (for a justification that we can select optimal coupling in a way that is indeed a regular conditional probability distribution, see [7]). With this construction, it is apparent that , and hence:
- (88) is because in the above, we have constructed the coupling optimally.
- (89) is because maximizes , .
- Thus, in the expansions above, equalities are attained throughout. Using the differentiation technique as in the case of forward inequality, for almost all , , we have:☐
4.2. Analysis of Example 1 Using Gaussian Optimality
- There exists such that for every ,
- When is the uniform probability vector, (96) equals one, which is uniquely achieved by . To see the uniqueness, take to be diagonal in the denominator and observe that the denominator is strictly bigger than the numerator when the diagonals of are not a permutation of . Then, since the extreme value of a continuous functions is achieved on a compact set, we can find such that:
- Finally, by continuity, we can choose small enough such that for any ,
5. Relation to Hypercontractivity and Its Reverses
5.1. Hypercontractivity
5.2. Reverse Hypercontractivity (Positive Parameters)
5.3. Reverse Hypercontractivity (One Negative Parameter)
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Recovering Theorem 1 from Theorem 6 as a Special Case
Appendix B. Existence of Weakly-Convergent Couplings
Appendix C. Upper Semicontinuity of the Infimum
Appendix D. Weak Semicontinuity of Differential Entropy under a Moment Constraint
Appendix E. Proof of Proposition 2
- For any , by the continuity of measure, there exists such that:
- Suppose is such that , , where is as in Proposition 1 and:
Appendix F. Gaussian Optimality in Degenerate Cases: A Limiting Argument
Appendix F.1. Proof of the Claim in Example 1
Appendix F.2. Proof of Theorem 2
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Liu, J.; Courtade, T.A.; Cuff, P.W.; Verdú, S. A Forward-Reverse Brascamp-Lieb Inequality: Entropic Duality and Gaussian Optimality. Entropy 2018, 20, 418. https://doi.org/10.3390/e20060418
Liu J, Courtade TA, Cuff PW, Verdú S. A Forward-Reverse Brascamp-Lieb Inequality: Entropic Duality and Gaussian Optimality. Entropy. 2018; 20(6):418. https://doi.org/10.3390/e20060418
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jingbo, Thomas A. Courtade, Paul W. Cuff, and Sergio Verdú. 2018. "A Forward-Reverse Brascamp-Lieb Inequality: Entropic Duality and Gaussian Optimality" Entropy 20, no. 6: 418. https://doi.org/10.3390/e20060418