Exploration of Quantum Interference in Document Relevance Judgement Discrepancy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Relevance in Information Retrieval
2.2. Quantum-Inspired IR Research
2.3. Classical and Quantum Probability Measurement
2.3.1. Classical Probability Measurement
2.3.2. Quantum Probability Theory
2.4. Quantum Cognition and Quantum Interference
3. Methodology
3.1. Verification of Quantum Interference
3.1.1. Test of the Law of the Total Probability
3.1.2. Test of the Order Effect and Incompatibility
3.2. Dynamic Information Need Model in Quantum Measurement
4. User Study for Quantum Interference
4.1. Experimental Procedure of the User Study
4.2. Statistics for the Judgement Discrepancy of Relevance Probability
4.3. Evaluation of Quantum Interference in Relevance Judgement
4.3.1. Violation of the Law of Total Probability
4.3.2. Test of the Order Effect and Incompatibility
5. Discussions for Quantum Interference in Relevance Judgement
5.1. Comparison Effect
5.2. Unfamiliar Effect
5.3. Attraction Effect and Repulsion Effect
6. Conclusions and Future Work
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix: Derivation of the Interference Term in the Game of the Prisoner Dilemma
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Query Terms | Title of | Title of |
---|---|---|
Probability | Statistics | Distribution |
Parkinsonism | Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases | Alzheimer’s disease |
Albert Einstein | Isaac Newton | Theory of relativity |
The Spring Festival | Jiaozi | Grabbing tickets for the Spring Festival |
Innovation driven | Sharing economy | New open economic system |
Machine learning | Artificial intelligence | Pattern recognition |
American president | Barack Obama | Obama’s wife |
Semantic Web | Theology | Ontology |
Computer | Boolean algebra | Turing machine |
Religion | Politics | Culture |
Kung Fu Panda | The Giant panda | Chinese martial arts |
Air pollution | Haze | Spiritual therapy for smog |
Transgene | Hybrid | Garden roses |
Chinese literature | Classical prose | Chinese cuisine |
Mo Yan | Nobel Prize | Red Sorghum (novel) |
Query | Relevance Probability of | Relevance Probability of | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AB Order | BA Order | BA Order | AB Order | |||
Probability | 0.58 | 0.47 | −0.11 | 0.83 | 0.77 | −0.06 |
Parkinsonism | 0.84 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.18 |
Albert Einstein | 0.19 | 0.10 | −0.09 | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.04 |
The Spring Festival | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.60 | 0.81 | 0.21 | |
Innovation driven | 0.06 | 0.37 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.12 |
Machine learning | 0.68 | 0.63 | −0.04 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.07 |
American president | 1.00 | 0.97 | −0.03 | 0.37 | 0.52 | 0.15 |
Semantic Web | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.42 | 0.22 |
Computer | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.70 | 0.84 | 0.14 |
Religion | 0.26 | 0.13 | −0.12 | 0.53 | 0.81 | 0.27 |
Kung Fu Panda | 0.55 | 0.47 | −0.08 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.05 |
Air pollution | 0.81 | 0.67 | −0.14 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.07 |
Transgene | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.19 |
Chinese literature | 0.87 | 0.80 | −0.07 | 0.40 | 0.29 | −0.11 |
Mo Yan | 0.55 | 0.30 | −0.25 | 0.97 | 0.94 | −0.03 |
mean() | 0.1194 | 0.1268 |
Query | p() | p() | p() | p() | (d) | p() |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Probability | 0.89 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.77 | 0.83 |
Probability | 0.52 | 0.83 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.58 |
Parkinsonism | 0.46 | 0.84 | 0.60 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 0.30 |
Parkinsonism | 1.00 | 0.30 | 0.95 | 0.70 | 0.97 | 0.84 |
Albert Einstein | 1.00 | 0.19 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.90 |
Albert Einstein | 0.11 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.19 |
The Spring Festival | 0.81 | 0.52 | 0.80 | 0.48 | 0.81 | 0.60 |
The Spring Festival | 0.39 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.43 | 0.52 |
Innovation driven | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.45 | 0.94 | 0.45 | 0.33 |
Innovation driven | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.67 | 0.37 | 0.06 |
Machine learning | 0.95 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.32 | 0.97 | 0.90 |
Machine learning | 0.63 | 0.90 | 0.67 | 0.10 | 0.63 | 0.68 |
American president | 0.52 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.52 | 0.37 |
American president | 1.00 | 0.37 | 0.95 | 0.63 | 0.97 | 1.00 |
Semantic Web | 1.00 | 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.97 | 0.42 | 0.20 |
Semantic Web | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.03 |
Computer | 1.00 | 0.42 | 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.84 | 0.70 |
Computer | 0.57 | 0.70 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.47 | 0.42 |
Religion | 0.88 | 0.26 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.53 |
Religion | 0.12 | 0.53 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 0.13 | 0.26 |
Kung Fu Panda | 0.76 | 0.55 | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.50 |
Kung Fu Panda | 0.73 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.55 |
Air pollution | 0.92 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 0.19 | 0.90 | 0.83 |
Air pollution | 0.68 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.17 | 0.67 | 0.81 |
Transgene | 0.50 | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.61 | 0.26 | 0.07 |
Transgene | 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.46 | 0.93 | 0.50 | 0.39 |
Chinese literature | 0.26 | 0.87 | 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.40 |
Chinese literature | 0.75 | 0.40 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 0.87 |
Mo Yan | 0.94 | 0.55 | 0.93 | 0.45 | 0.94 | 0.97 |
Mo Yan | 0.31 | 0.97 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.55 |
Query | q-test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Probability | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.43 | −0.11 |
Parkinsonism | 0.10 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.67 | −0.12 |
Albert Einstein | 0.74 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 0.80 | −0.06 |
The Spring Festival | 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.37 | 0.20 | 0.48 | 0.57 | −0.08 |
Innovation driven | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.08 |
Machine learning | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 0.40 | −0.05 |
American president | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.48 | 0.60 | −0.12 |
Semantic Web | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.05 |
Computer | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.05 |
Religion | 0.58 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.08 |
Kung Fu Panda | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.02 |
Air pollution | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.37 | −0.14 |
Transgene | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.43 | −0.18 |
Chinese literature | 0.06 | 0.65 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.11 |
Mo Yan | 0.42 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.67 | −0.22 |
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Wang, B.; Zhang, P.; Li, J.; Song, D.; Hou, Y.; Shang, Z. Exploration of Quantum Interference in Document Relevance Judgement Discrepancy. Entropy 2016, 18, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/e18040144
Wang B, Zhang P, Li J, Song D, Hou Y, Shang Z. Exploration of Quantum Interference in Document Relevance Judgement Discrepancy. Entropy. 2016; 18(4):144. https://doi.org/10.3390/e18040144
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Benyou, Peng Zhang, Jingfei Li, Dawei Song, Yuexian Hou, and Zhenguo Shang. 2016. "Exploration of Quantum Interference in Document Relevance Judgement Discrepancy" Entropy 18, no. 4: 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/e18040144
APA StyleWang, B., Zhang, P., Li, J., Song, D., Hou, Y., & Shang, Z. (2016). Exploration of Quantum Interference in Document Relevance Judgement Discrepancy. Entropy, 18(4), 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/e18040144