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Molecules, Volume 16, Issue 8 (August 2011) – 77 articles , Pages 6165-7182

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545 KiB  
Article
Optimized Enzymatic Synthesis of Hesperidin Fatty Acid Esters in a Two-Phase System Containing Ionic Liquid
by Maria Elisa Melo Branco de Araújo, Fabiano Jares Contesini, Yollanda Edwirges Moreira Franco, Alexandra C.H. Frankland Sawaya, Thiago Grando Alberto, Natália Dalfré and Patrícia de Oliveira Carvalho
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7171-7182; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087171 - 23 Aug 2011
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7026
Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level, three-variable central composite design (CCD) was employed for modeling and optimizing the conversion yield of the enzymatic acylation of hesperidin with decanoic acid using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in a two-phase system containing [...] Read more.
Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level, three-variable central composite design (CCD) was employed for modeling and optimizing the conversion yield of the enzymatic acylation of hesperidin with decanoic acid using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in a two-phase system containing [bmim]BF4. The three variables studied (molar ratio of hesperidin to decanoic acid, [bmim]BF4/acetone ratio and lipase concentration) significantly affected the conversion yield of acylated hesperidin derivative. Verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The lipase showed higher conversion degree in a two-phase system using [bmim]BF4 and acetone compared to that in pure acetone. Under the optimal reaction conditions carried out in a single-step biocatalytic process when the water content was kept lower than 200 ppm, the maximum acylation yield was 53.6%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions)
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2020 KiB  
Article
The Growth Suppressing Effects of Girinimbine on Hepg2 Involve Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest
by Suvitha Syam, Ahmad Bustamam Abdul, Mohd. Aspollah Sukari, Syam Mohan, Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Tang Sook Wah
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7155-7170; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087155 - 23 Aug 2011
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 13380
Abstract
Murraya koenigii is an edible herb widely used in folk medicine. Here we report that girinimbine, a carbazole alkaloid isolated from this plant, inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma, HepG2 cells. The MTT and LDH assay results showed that [...] Read more.
Murraya koenigii is an edible herb widely used in folk medicine. Here we report that girinimbine, a carbazole alkaloid isolated from this plant, inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma, HepG2 cells. The MTT and LDH assay results showed that girinimbine decreased cell viability and increased cytotoxicity in a dose-and time-dependent manner selectively. Girinimbine-treated HepG2 cells showed typical morphological features of apoptosis, as observed from normal inverted microscopy and Hoechst 33342 assay. Furthermore, girinimbine treatment resulted in DNA fragmentation and elevated levels of caspase-3 in HepG2 cells. Girinimbine treatment also displayed a time-dependent accumulation of the Sub-G0/G1 peak (hypodiploid) and caused G0/G1-phase arrest. Together, these results demonstrated for the first time that girinimbine could effectively induce programmed cell death in HepG2 cells and suggests the importance of conducting further investigations in preclinical human hepatocellular carcinoma models, especially on in vivo efficacy, to promote girinimbine for use as an anticancer agent against hepatocellular carcinoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alkaloids: Novel Therapeutic Perspectives)
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426 KiB  
Article
Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Functional Properties of Chitin and Chitosan Produced by Mucor circinelloides Using Yam Bean as Substrate
by Ana Elizabeth C. Fai, Thayza C.M. Stamford, Thatiana M. Stamford-Arnaud, Petrus D´Amorim Santa-Cruz, Marta C. Freitas da Silva, Galba M. Campos-Takaki and Tânia L.M. Stamford
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7143-7154; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087143 - 23 Aug 2011
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7823
Abstract
Microbiological processes were used for chitin and chitosan production by Mucor circinelloides (UCP 050) grown in yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban) medium. The polysaccharides were extracted by alkali–acid treatment and structural investigations by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform IR analysis, viscosity and [...] Read more.
Microbiological processes were used for chitin and chitosan production by Mucor circinelloides (UCP 050) grown in yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban) medium. The polysaccharides were extracted by alkali–acid treatment and structural investigations by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform IR analysis, viscosity and thermal analysis by TG, DTG, and DTA were done. The highest biomass yield (20.7 g/L) was obtained at 96 hours. The highest levels of chitosan (64 mg/g) and chitin (500 mg/g) were produced at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. It was demonstrated that yam bean shows great potential as an economic medium and it is possible to achieve a good yield of chitosan with chemical properties that enable its use in biotechnological applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)
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1056 KiB  
Article
Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Myristicin on RAW 264.7 Macrophages Stimulated with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid
by Ji Young Lee and Wansu Park
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7132-7142; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087132 - 22 Aug 2011
Cited by 100 | Viewed by 11895
Abstract
Myristicin (1-allyl-5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene) is an active aromatic compound found in nutmeg (the seed of Myristica fragrans), carrot, basil, cinnamon, and parsley. Myristicin has been known to have anti-cholinergic, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective effects, however, the effects of myristicin on virus-stimulated macrophages are not fully [...] Read more.
Myristicin (1-allyl-5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene) is an active aromatic compound found in nutmeg (the seed of Myristica fragrans), carrot, basil, cinnamon, and parsley. Myristicin has been known to have anti-cholinergic, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective effects, however, the effects of myristicin on virus-stimulated macrophages are not fully reported. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of myristicin on double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-stimulated macrophages was examined. Myristicin did not reduce the cell viability of RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages at concentrations of up to 50 µM. Myristicin significantly inhibited the production of calcium, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon inducible protein-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, MCP-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, and leukemia inhibitory factor in dsRNA [polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid]-induced RAW 264.7 cells (P < 0.05). In conclusion, myristicin has anti-inflammatory properties related with its inhibition of NO, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in dsRNA-stimulated macrophages via the calcium pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antivirals)
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432 KiB  
Communication
Azaphenanthrene Alkaloids with Antitumoral Activity from Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith (Annonaceae)
by Ana Silvia Suassuna Carneiro Lúcio, Jackson Roberto Guedes Da Silva Almeida, José Maria Barbosa-Filho, João Carlos Lima Rodrigues Pita, Marianna Vieira Sobral Castello Branco, Margareth De Fátima Formiga Melo Diniz, Maria De Fátima Agra, Emidio V.L. Da-Cunha, Marcelo Sobral Da Silva and Josean Fechine Tavares
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7125-7131; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087125 - 22 Aug 2011
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7621
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith led to isolation of three azaphenanthrene alkaloids: eupolauramine, sampangine and imbiline 1. Their chemical structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data from IR, HR-ESI-MS, NMR (including 2D experiments) and comparison with the literature. [...] Read more.
Phytochemical investigation of Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith led to isolation of three azaphenanthrene alkaloids: eupolauramine, sampangine and imbiline 1. Their chemical structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data from IR, HR-ESI-MS, NMR (including 2D experiments) and comparison with the literature. Sampangine and imbiline 1 are being described in the Anaxagorea genus for the first time. Eupolauramine and sampangine show concentration-dependent antitumoral activity in leukemic cells K562 with IC50 of 18.97 and 10.95 µg/mL, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alkaloids: Novel Therapeutic Perspectives)
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436 KiB  
Article
Essential Oil Composition of the Different Parts and In Vitro Shoot Culture of Eryngium planum L.
by Barbara Thiem, Małgorzata Kikowska, Anna Kurowska and Danuta Kalemba
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7115-7124; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087115 - 19 Aug 2011
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6730
Abstract
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the different parts (inflorescence, stalk leaves, rosette leaves and root) as well as from in vitro shoot culture of Eryngium planum L. were analyzed by GC-FID-MS in respect to their chemical composition. The different parts of [...] Read more.
The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the different parts (inflorescence, stalk leaves, rosette leaves and root) as well as from in vitro shoot culture of Eryngium planum L. were analyzed by GC-FID-MS in respect to their chemical composition. The different parts of E. planum and in vitro shoots showed different yields. The part with higher amount was the inflorescences, followed by the stalk leaves and in vitro shoots, rosette leaves and finally roots. The essential oils obtained from rosette leaves and in vitro-derived rosettes had totally different composition. Quantitative differences were also found between compounds of intact plant organs. The main components of stalk leaf oil and rosette leaf oil were monoterpene (limonene, α- and β-pinene) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. In inflorescence oil cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (43.2%) was accompanied by other esters (propionate, butanoate, hexanoate and octanoate) and numerous oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Root oil and in vitro shoot oil contained mainly (Z)-falcarinol and 2,3,4-trimethylbenzaldehyde. This is the first report on the chemical composition of this species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)
369 KiB  
Article
Chemical Profile and Biological Potential of Non-Polar Fractions from Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)
by Otávio P. Rocha, Rafael De Felício, Ana Helena B. Rodrigues, Daniela L. Ambrósio, Regina Maria B. Cicarelli, Sérgio De Albuquerque, Maria Claudia M. Young, Nair S. Yokoya and Hosana M. Debonsi
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7105-7114; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087105 - 19 Aug 2011
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 8280
Abstract
The present study reports the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) evaluation of the hexanes and dichloromethane fractions from extracts of the red alga Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne. Twenty three compounds were identified, totaling ca. 42% of both fractions (0.18 g mass extract). The [...] Read more.
The present study reports the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) evaluation of the hexanes and dichloromethane fractions from extracts of the red alga Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne. Twenty three compounds were identified, totaling ca. 42% of both fractions (0.18 g mass extract). The main constituents of the fractions were hexadecanoic acid (17.6%) and pentadecanoic acid (15.9%). Several secondary metabolites with interesting biological activity, such as (-)-loliolide, neophytadiene, phytol were identified. In addition, several classes of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds (e.g., phenylacetic acid), terpene derivatives, fatty acids, halogenated compound (e.g., 2-chlorocyclohexenol), lignoids, steroids, esters, amides (e.g., hexadecanamide), ketones, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and alcohols were observed. The occurrence of several of these structural classes is described for the first time in this species. The same fractions analyzed by GC-MS, and a separate set of polar fractions, were evaluated against two life cycle stages (epimastigote and trypomastigote forms) of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and against phytopatogenic fungi Cladosporium cladosporiodes and C. sphaerospermum. The dichloromethane fraction was active against both T. cruzi forms (epimastigote IC50 = 19.1 μg.mL−1 and trypomastigote IC50 = 76.2 μg.mL−1). The hexanes and ethyl acetate fractions also displayed activity against both fungi species (200 μg) by TLC-bioautography. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Compounds)
438 KiB  
Article
Alkaloids from Hippeastrum papilio
by Jean Paulo de Andrade, Strahil Berkov, Francesc Viladomat, Carles Codina, José Angelo S. Zuanazzi and Jaume Bastida
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7097-7104; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087097 - 18 Aug 2011
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8733
Abstract
Galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor marketed as a hydrobromide salt (Razadyne®, Reminyl®) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is obtained from Amaryllidaceae plants, especially those belonging to the genera Leucojum, Narcissus, Lycoris and Ungernia. The growing demand for galanthamine has [...] Read more.
Galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor marketed as a hydrobromide salt (Razadyne®, Reminyl®) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is obtained from Amaryllidaceae plants, especially those belonging to the genera Leucojum, Narcissus, Lycoris and Ungernia. The growing demand for galanthamine has prompted searches for new sources of this compound, as well as other bioactive alkaloids for the treatment of AD. In this paper we report the isolation of the new alkaloid 11β-hydroxygalanthamine, an epimer of the previously isolated alkaloid habranthine, which was identified using NMR techniques. It has been shown that 11β-hydroxygalanthamine has an important in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Additionally, Hippeastrum papilio yielded substantial quantities of galanthamine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alkaloids: Novel Therapeutic Perspectives)
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454 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Electrophilic Substitutions of Novel Pyrazolo[1,5-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines
by Kamal F.M. Atta
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7081-7096; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087081 - 18 Aug 2011
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5695
Abstract
5-Aryl-7-hydrazino-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines 1 were used as precursors for the preparation of a new series of 5-aryl-8-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]-1,2,4- triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines 2. The reactions of 2 with certain electrophilic reagents gave the respective 6-substituted derivatives 3-5 rather than the [...] Read more.
5-Aryl-7-hydrazino-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines 1 were used as precursors for the preparation of a new series of 5-aryl-8-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]-1,2,4- triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines 2. The reactions of 2 with certain electrophilic reagents gave the respective 6-substituted derivatives 3-5 rather than the 7-isomeric products. Formylation of the key compounds 1 with ethyl formate yielded the formyl derivatives 6. Furthermore, boiling of compounds 1 with acetic acid afforded 7-acetylhydrazino-5-aryl-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines 7. Bromination of 7 yielded the dibromo- derivatives 8, while their iodination and nitration gave the monosubstituted derivatives 9 and 10, respectively. Also, treatment of 1 with boiling acetic anhydride yielded the triacetyl derivatives 11. The structure of synthesized products was confirmed by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR and MS spectra. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles)
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451 KiB  
Article
Activity and Stability Studies of Verbascoside, a Novel Antioxidant, in Dermo-Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Topical Formulations
by Silvia Vertuani, Erika Beghelli, Emanuela Scalambra, Gemma Malisardi, Stefano Copetti, Roberto Dal Toso, Anna Baldisserotto and Stefano Manfredini
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7068-7080; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087068 - 18 Aug 2011
Cited by 113 | Viewed by 12461
Abstract
We here report the results of our investigations carried out on verbascoside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and photoprotective actions. Verbascoside was obtained from Buddleia davidii meristematic cells, obtained in turn using a sustainable biotechnology platform which employs an in [...] Read more.
We here report the results of our investigations carried out on verbascoside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and photoprotective actions. Verbascoside was obtained from Buddleia davidii meristematic cells, obtained in turn using a sustainable biotechnology platform which employs an in vitro plant cell culture technology. Verbascoside was first investigated to assess the behaviour of the active ingredient in solution or in finished preparations, in view of its potential topical use, especially in skin protection. Stability studies were performed by HPLC, and a PCL assay was adopted to determine the radical scavenging activity toward superoxide anion. The high hydrophilic character of verbascoside, suggested in a somewhat limited range of possible applications, leading us to explore its derivatization to obtain the semi-synthetic derivative VPP, an acyl derivative of verbascoside, with an improved range of applications due to its lower hydrophilic profile. Alone, VPP revealed increased antioxidant activity, both as an active ingredient and in dermocosmetic preparations. Stability studies showed a greater stability of VPP in lipophilic vehicles, whereas the parent verbascoside proved more stable in an O/W emulsions. Verbascoside was also stable in suppositories, an interesting pharmaceutical form for possible applications in treatment of inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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460 KiB  
Communication
Simple and Rapid Method for the Determination of Uric Acid-Independent Antioxidant Capacity
by Darko Duplancic, Lea Kukoc-Modun, Darko Modun and Njegomir Radic
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7058-7067; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087058 - 17 Aug 2011
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 8137
Abstract
Determination of the relative contribution of uric acid level increases to the total measured antioxidative activity could be very useful for testing antioxidative products and their effect on human health. The aim of this report is to present a simple spectrophotometric method that [...] Read more.
Determination of the relative contribution of uric acid level increases to the total measured antioxidative activity could be very useful for testing antioxidative products and their effect on human health. The aim of this report is to present a simple spectrophotometric method that combines the measurement of total antioxidative capacity of a sample by ferric reducing/antioxidative power (FRAP) assay, with the uricase-reaction (specific elimination of uric acid), in order to establish and correct for the contribution of uric acid in FRAP values. We measured FRAP values, with (uric acid-independent antioxidant capacity, TAC-UA) and without (total antioxidant capacity, TAC) uricase treatment, and expressed it as μmol/L of uric acid equivalents. In such way, it was possible to determine both total and uric acid-independent antioxidant capacity, plasma uric acid (UA, as the difference between TAC and TAC-UA), and the ratio of the uric acid in total antioxidant capacity (UA/TAC). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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765 KiB  
Article
Development of a Highly Sensitive and Specific Immunoassay for Determining Chrysoidine, A Banned Dye, in Soybean Milk Film
by Hongtao Lei, Jin Liu, Lijun Song, Yudong Shen, Simon A. Haughey, Haoxian Guo, Jinyi Yang, Zhenlin Xu, Yueming Jiang and Yuanming Sun
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7043-7057; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087043 - 17 Aug 2011
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6437
Abstract
A highly specific and sensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA)was developed for the first time for the detection of chrysoidine, a dye banned in soybean milk film. Two haptens with different spacer arms were synthesized to produce antibodies. Both homologous and heterologous [...] Read more.
A highly specific and sensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA)was developed for the first time for the detection of chrysoidine, a dye banned in soybean milk film. Two haptens with different spacer arms were synthesized to produce antibodies. Both homologous and heterologous immunoassay formats were compared to enhance the icELISA sensitivity. The heterologous icELISA exhibited better performance, with an IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) of 0.33 ng/mL, a limit of detection (LOD, 10% inhibitory concentration) of 0.04 ng/mL, and a limit of quantitation (LOQ, 20%–80% inhibitory concentration) from 0.09 to 4.9 ng/mL. The developed icELISA was high sensitive and specific, and was applied to determine chrysoidine in fortified soybean milk film samples. The results were in good agreement with that obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)
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510 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Contractile Activity of Substituted 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolines
by Iliyan Ivanov, Stoyanka Nikolova, Dimo Aladjov, Iliyana Stefanova and Plamen Zagorchev
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 7019-7042; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16087019 - 16 Aug 2011
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6749
Abstract
A series of different 1-monosubstituted and 1,1-disubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolines was synthesized in high yields from different ketoamides. We have developed a convenient method for the synthesis of disubstituted derivatives by interaction of ketoamides with organomagnesium compounds, followed by cyclization in the presence of catalytic [...] Read more.
A series of different 1-monosubstituted and 1,1-disubstituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolines was synthesized in high yields from different ketoamides. We have developed a convenient method for the synthesis of disubstituted derivatives by interaction of ketoamides with organomagnesium compounds, followed by cyclization in the presence of catalytic amounts of p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). A number of substituents at the C-1 in the isoquinoline skeleton were introduced varying either carboxylic acid or organomagnesium compound. Some of the obtained 1,1-dialkyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolines possess contractile activity against guinea pig’s gastric smooth muscle preparations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles)
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453 KiB  
Article
Antiviral Properties of Lactoferrin—A Natural Immunity Molecule
by Francesca Berlutti, Fabrizio Pantanella, Tiziana Natalizi, Alessandra Frioni, Rosalba Paesano, Antonella Polimeni and Piera Valenti
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6992-7018; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086992 - 16 Aug 2011
Cited by 241 | Viewed by 19199
Abstract
Lactoferrin, a multifunctional iron binding glycoprotein, plays an important role in immune regulation and defence mechanisms against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Lactoferrin’s iron withholding ability is related to inhibition of microbial growth as well as to modulation of motility, aggregation and biofilm formation [...] Read more.
Lactoferrin, a multifunctional iron binding glycoprotein, plays an important role in immune regulation and defence mechanisms against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Lactoferrin’s iron withholding ability is related to inhibition of microbial growth as well as to modulation of motility, aggregation and biofilm formation of pathogenic bacteria. Independently of iron binding capability, lactoferrin interacts with microbial, viral and cell surfaces thus inhibiting microbial and viral adhesion and entry into host cells. Lactoferrin can be considered not only a primary defense factor against mucosal infections, but also a polyvalent regulator which interacts in viral infectious processes. Its antiviral activity, demonstrated against both enveloped and naked viruses, lies in the early phase of infection, thus preventing entry of virus in the host cell. This activity is exerted by binding to heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan cell receptors, or viral particles or both. Despite the antiviral effect of lactoferrin, widely demonstrated in vitro studies, few clinical trials have been carried out and the related mechanism of action is still under debate. The nuclear localization of lactoferrin in different epithelial human cells suggests that lactoferrin exerts its antiviral effect not only in the early phase of surface interaction virus-cell, but also intracellularly. The capability of lactoferrin to exert a potent antiviral activity, through its binding to host cells and/or viral particles, and its nuclear localization strengthens the idea that lactoferrin is an important brick in the mucosal wall, effective against viral attacks and it could be usefully applied as novel strategy for treatment of viral infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antivirals)
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477 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of New Riminophenazines with Pyrimidine and Pyrazine Substitution at the 2-N Position
by Gang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Xiaojian Wang, Chun Li, Haihong Huang and Dali Yin
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6985-6991; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086985 - 16 Aug 2011
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5988
Abstract
New riminophenazines with pyrimidine and pyrazine substituents at the 2-position were successfully synthesized. The key step is the 2-N-arylation of riminophenazines with pyrimidine and pyrazine. The optimized reaction conditions involve the use of a Pd2(dba)3/DPPF/Cs2CO3/toluene combination. Full article
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440 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of New Metal Complexes Derived from 3-Aminocoumarin
by Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, Abu Bakar Mohamad, Ahmed A. Al-Amiery and Mohd S. Takriff
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6969-6984; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086969 - 15 Aug 2011
Cited by 87 | Viewed by 10042
Abstract
3-Aminocoumarin (L) has been synthesized and used as a ligand for the formation of Cr(III), Ni(II), and Cu(II) complexes. The chemical structures were characterized using different spectroscopic methods. The elemental analyses revealed that the complexes where M=Ni(II) and Cu(II) have the [...] Read more.
3-Aminocoumarin (L) has been synthesized and used as a ligand for the formation of Cr(III), Ni(II), and Cu(II) complexes. The chemical structures were characterized using different spectroscopic methods. The elemental analyses revealed that the complexes where M=Ni(II) and Cu(II) have the general formulae [ML2Cl2], while the Cr(III) complex has the formula [CrL2Cl2]Cl. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal chelates, except the Cr(III) one, are non-electrolytes. From the magnetic and UV-Visible spectra, it is found that these complexes have octahedral structures. The stability for the prepared complexes was studied theoretically using Density Function Theory. The total energy for the complexes was calculated and it was shown that the copper complex is the most stable one. Complexes were tested against selected types of microbial organisms and showed significant activities. The free radical scavenging activity of metal complexes have been determined by measuring their interaction with the stable free radical DPPH and all the compounds have shown encouraging antioxidant activities. Full article
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1114 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Porphyrin-Dendrimers with a Pyrene in the Periphery and Their Cubic Nonlinear Optical Properties
by Eric G. Morales-Espinoza, Irina V. Lijanova, Omar G. Morales-Saavedra, Vícente Torres-Zuñiga, Simon Hernandez-Ortega and Marcos Martínez-García
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6950-6968; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086950 - 15 Aug 2011
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8396
Abstract
Dendrons of pyrene derivatives were attached to a porphyrin core. A marked effect in solution for the dendrimers was observed in the absorption spectra. All the compounds obtained were characterized by 1H-, 13C-NMR, FTIR, UV-vis, MALDI-TOF or FAB+ mass spectrometry and [...] Read more.
Dendrons of pyrene derivatives were attached to a porphyrin core. A marked effect in solution for the dendrimers was observed in the absorption spectra. All the compounds obtained were characterized by 1H-, 13C-NMR, FTIR, UV-vis, MALDI-TOF or FAB+ mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The cubic nonlinear optical behavior of some the synthesized compounds was tested via Z-Scan measurements in spin-coated film samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tetrapyrroles, Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines)
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687 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study of Physical and Chemical Processes for Removal of Biomass in Biofilters
by Sergio Odín Flores-Valle, Omar Ríos-Bernÿ, Jorge Chanona-Pérez, Tomas Fregoso-Aguilar, José A. Morales-González, Oscar Jesús Prado-Rubianes, Rafael Herrera-Bucio, Pablo López-Albarán, Ángel Morales-González, Vicente Garibay-Febles, Enrique Godínez Domínguez, Christian Kennes, Ma. Carmen Veiga-Barbazán and Jorge Alberto Mendoza-Pérez
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6927-6949; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086927 - 15 Aug 2011
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9368
Abstract
After 6 months of operation a long-term biofilter was stopped for two weeks and then it was started up again for a second experimental period of almost 1.3 years, with high toluene loads and submitted to several physical and chemical treatments in order [...] Read more.
After 6 months of operation a long-term biofilter was stopped for two weeks and then it was started up again for a second experimental period of almost 1.3 years, with high toluene loads and submitted to several physical and chemical treatments in order to remove excess biomass that could affect the reactor’s performance due to clogging, whose main effect is a high pressure drop. Elimination capacity and removal efficiency were determined after each treatment. The methods applied were: filling with water and draining, backwashing, and air sparging. Different flows and temperatures (20, 30, 45 and 60 °C) were applied, either with distilled water or with different chemicals in aqueous solutions. Treatments with chemicals caused a decrease of the biofilter performance, requiring periods of 1 to 2 weeks to recover previous values. The results indicate that air sparging with pure distilled water as well as with solutions of NaOH (0.01% w/v) and NaOCl (0.01% w/v) were the treatments that removed more biomass, working either at 20, 30 or 45 °C and at relatively low flow rates (below 320 L h−1), but with a high biodegradation inhibition after the treatments. Dry biomass (g VS) content was determined at three different heights of the biofilter in order to carry out each experiment under the same conditions. The same amount of dry biomass when applying a treatment was established so it could be considered that the biofilm conditions were identical. Wet biomass was used as a control of the biofilter’s water content during treatments. Several batch assays were performed to support and quantify the observed inhibitory effects of the different chemicals and temperatures applied. Full article
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752 KiB  
Article
Selective Covalent Conjugation of Phosphorothioate DNA Oligonucleotides with Streptavidin
by Kersten S. Rabe and Christof M. Niemeyer
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6916-6926; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086916 - 15 Aug 2011
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7006
Abstract
Protein-DNA conjugates have found numerous applications in the field of diagnostics and nanobiotechnology, however, their intrinsic susceptibility to DNA degradation by nucleases represents a major obstacle for many applications. We here report the selective covalent conjugation of the protein streptavidin (STV) with phosphorothioate [...] Read more.
Protein-DNA conjugates have found numerous applications in the field of diagnostics and nanobiotechnology, however, their intrinsic susceptibility to DNA degradation by nucleases represents a major obstacle for many applications. We here report the selective covalent conjugation of the protein streptavidin (STV) with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (psDNA) containing a terminal alkylthiolgroup as the chemically addressable linking unit, using a heterobifunctional NHS-/maleimide crosslinker. The psDNA-STV conjugates were synthesized in about 10% isolated yields. We demonstrate that the terminal alkylthiol group selectively reacts with the maleimide while the backbone sulfur atoms are not engaged in chemical conjugation. The novel psDNA-STV conjugates retain their binding capabilities for both biotinylated macromolecules and the complementary nucleic acid. Moreover, the psDNA-STV conjugate retained its binding capacity for complementary oligomers even after a nuclease digestion step, which effectively degrades deoxyribonucleotide oligomers and thus the binding capability of regular DNA-STV conjugates. The psDNA-STV therefore hold particular promise for applications e.g. in proteome research and novel biosensing devices, where interfering endogenous nucleic acids need to be removed from analytes by nuclease digestion. Full article
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396 KiB  
Article
Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Salicylaldehyde 2-Chlorobenzoyl Hydrazone (H2LASSBio-466), Salicylaldehyde 4-Chlorobenzoyl Hydrazone (H2LASSBio-1064) and Their Zinc(II) Complexes
by Walfrido Bispo Júnior, Magna S. Alexandre-Moreira, Marina A. Alves, Anayive Perez-Rebolledo, Gabrieli L. Parrilha, Eduardo E. Castellano, Oscar E. Piro, Eliezer J. Barreiro, Lídia Moreira Lima and Heloisa Beraldo
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6902-6915; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086902 - 15 Aug 2011
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 8009
Abstract
Salicylaldehyde 2-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H2LASSBio-466), salicylaldehyde 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H2LASSBio-1064) and their complexes [Zn(LASSBio-466)H2O]2 (1) and [Zn(HLASSBio-1064)Cl]2 (2) were evaluated in animal models of peripheral and central nociception, and acute inflammation. All studied [...] Read more.
Salicylaldehyde 2-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H2LASSBio-466), salicylaldehyde 4-chlorobenzoyl hydrazone (H2LASSBio-1064) and their complexes [Zn(LASSBio-466)H2O]2 (1) and [Zn(HLASSBio-1064)Cl]2 (2) were evaluated in animal models of peripheral and central nociception, and acute inflammation. All studied compounds significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing response. Upon coordination the anti-nociceptive activity was favored in the complex 1. H2LASSBio-466 inhibited only the first phase of the formalin test, while 1 was active in the second phase, like indomethacin, indicating its ability to inhibit nociception associated with the inflammatory response. Hence coordination to zinc(II) altered the pharmacological profile of H2LASSBio-466. H2LASSBio-1064 inhibited both phases but this effect was not improved by coordination. The studied compounds did not increase the latency of response in the hot plate model, indicating their lack of central anti-nociceptive activity. All compounds showed levels of inhibition of zymosan-induced peritonitis comparable or superior to indomethacin, indicating an expressive anti-inflammatory profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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423 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-Oxide Analogues and Crystal Structure of 2-Carbomethoxy-3-hydroxyquinoxaline-di-N-oxide
by Yingjun Xu, Fanhong Wu, Zhiyi Yao, Minmin Zhang and Sheng Jiang
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6894-6901; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086894 - 12 Aug 2011
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6123
Abstract
A series of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide analogues were prepared from benzofurazan N-oxide derivatives and β-diketone ester compounds by the improved Beirut reaction. The structures of the target products were characterized by NMR, MS, IR and elemental analysis measurements, and that of [...] Read more.
A series of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide analogues were prepared from benzofurazan N-oxide derivatives and β-diketone ester compounds by the improved Beirut reaction. The structures of the target products were characterized by NMR, MS, IR and elemental analysis measurements, and that of 2-carbomethoxy-3-hydroxyquinoxaline- di-N-oxide was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Its crystal structure belongs to the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 14.4320 (12) Å, b = 10.7514 (9) Å, c = 13.2728 (11) Å, V = 1958.5 (3) Å 3, Z = 8. The X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide displays acyloin-endiol tautomerism. Full article
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Communication
High Functionalization of 5-Nitro-1H-imidazole Derivatives: The TDAE Approach
by Thierry Juspin, Laura Zink, Maxime D. Crozet, Thierry Terme and Patrice Vanelle
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6883-6893; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086883 - 12 Aug 2011
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5445
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis of substituted 2-[4-(1,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-4-yl)phenyl]-1-arylethanols, ethyl 3-[4-(1,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-2-hydroxypropanoate and 2-[4-(1,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzyl]-2-hydroxy-acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one from the reactions of 4-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]-1,2-dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole with various aromatic carbonyl and a-carbonyl ester derivatives using tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) methodology. Full article
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443 KiB  
Review
Cardanol-Based Materials as Natural Precursors for Olefin Metathesis
by Giuseppe Vasapollo, Giuseppe Mele and Roberta Del Sole
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6871-6882; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086871 - 11 Aug 2011
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 10276
Abstract
Cardanol is a renewable, low cost natural material, widely available as a by-product of the cashew industry. It is a mixture of 3-n-pentadecylphenol, 3-(pentadeca-8-enyl)phenol, 3-(pentadeca-8,11-dienyl)phenol and 3-(pentadeca-8,11,14-trienyl)phenol. Olefin metathesis (OM) reaction on cardanol is an important class of reactions that allows [...] Read more.
Cardanol is a renewable, low cost natural material, widely available as a by-product of the cashew industry. It is a mixture of 3-n-pentadecylphenol, 3-(pentadeca-8-enyl)phenol, 3-(pentadeca-8,11-dienyl)phenol and 3-(pentadeca-8,11,14-trienyl)phenol. Olefin metathesis (OM) reaction on cardanol is an important class of reactions that allows for the synthesis of new olefins that are sometime impossible to prepare via other methods. The application of this natural and renewable material to both academic and industrial research will be discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Olefin Metathesis and Its Application)
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511 KiB  
Article
Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) of Small Molecules as Potential HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors
by Stefania Ferro, Sara De Grazia, Laura De Luca, Rosaria Gitto, Caterina Elisa Faliti, Zeger Debyzer and Alba Chimirri
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6858-6870; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086858 - 11 Aug 2011
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6146
Abstract
Integrase (IN) represents a clinically validated target for the development of antivirals against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In recent years our research group has been engaged in the stucture-function study of this enzyme and in the development of some three-dimensional pharmacophore models which [...] Read more.
Integrase (IN) represents a clinically validated target for the development of antivirals against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In recent years our research group has been engaged in the stucture-function study of this enzyme and in the development of some three-dimensional pharmacophore models which have led to the identification of a large series of potent HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) bearing an indole core. To gain a better understanding of the structure-activity relationships (SARs), herein we report the design and microwave-assisted synthesis of a novel series of 1-H-benzylindole derivatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Assisted Synthesis)
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402 KiB  
Article
Li+ Selective Podand-Type Fluoroionophore Based on a Diphenyl Sulfoxide Derivative Bearing Two Pyrene Groups
by Yukihiro Nishimura, Tetsuo Takemura and Sadao Arai
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6844-6857; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086844 - 10 Aug 2011
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5999
Abstract
New podand-type fluoroionophores having two pyrene moieties: 2,2´-bis(1-pyrenylacetyloxy)diphenyl sulfide (3), 2,2´-bis(1-pyrenylacetyloxy)diphenyl sulfoxide (4), and 2,2´-bis(1-pyrenylacetyloxy)diphenyl sulfone (5), have been synthesized by connecting two 1-pyrenecarbonylmethyl groups with the two hydroxy groups of 2,2´-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide, sulfoxide, and sulfone, respectively. [...] Read more.
New podand-type fluoroionophores having two pyrene moieties: 2,2´-bis(1-pyrenylacetyloxy)diphenyl sulfide (3), 2,2´-bis(1-pyrenylacetyloxy)diphenyl sulfoxide (4), and 2,2´-bis(1-pyrenylacetyloxy)diphenyl sulfone (5), have been synthesized by connecting two 1-pyrenecarbonylmethyl groups with the two hydroxy groups of 2,2´-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide, sulfoxide, and sulfone, respectively. Their complexation behavior toward alkali metal ions was examined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Among these fluoroionophores, compound 4, having a sulfinyl group, showed high selectivity toward Li+. Full article
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522 KiB  
Article
The Use of Umbelliferone in the Synthesis of New Heterocyclic Compounds
by Ahmed A. Al-Amiery, Ahmed Y. Musa, Abdul Amir H. Kadhum and Abu Bakar Mohamad
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6833-6843; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086833 - 10 Aug 2011
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 11252
Abstract
New coumarin derivatives, namely 7-[(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methoxy]-2H-chromen-2-one (4), 5-[(2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)methyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-one (5), 2-[2-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)acetyl]-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (7), 7-[(5-(phenylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)methoxy]-2H-chromen-2-one (8) and 7-[(5-mercapto-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methoxy]-2H-chromen-2-one (9) were prepared starting from the natural compound umbelliferone (1). The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies (IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organic Chemistry)
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222 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Effects on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Six Economically Important Brassica Vegetables
by Alfredo Aires, Conceição Fernandes, Rosa Carvalho, Richard N. Bennett, Maria J. Saavedra and Eduardo A.S. Rosa
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6816-6832; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086816 - 10 Aug 2011
Cited by 92 | Viewed by 10002
Abstract
Research on natural and bioactive compounds is increasingly focused on their effects on human health, but there are unexpectedly few studies evaluating the relationship between climate and natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was analyze the biological role of six different Brassica [...] Read more.
Research on natural and bioactive compounds is increasingly focused on their effects on human health, but there are unexpectedly few studies evaluating the relationship between climate and natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was analyze the biological role of six different Brassica vegetables (Brassica oleracea L. and Brassica rapa L.) as a natural source of antioxidant compounds. The antioxidant activity may be assigned to high levels of L-ascorbic acid, total phenolics and total flavonoids of each sample. The climate seasons affected directly the concentration of bioactive components and the antioxidant activity. Broccoli inflorescences and Portuguese kale showed high antioxidant activity in Spring-Summer whilst turnip leaves did so in Summer-Winter. The Brassica vegetables can provide considerable amounts of bioactive compounds and thus may constitute an important natural source of dietary antioxidants. Full article
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Article
Synthesis and Biological Activity of New 1,3-Dioxolanes as Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Compounds
by Hatice Başpınar Küçük, Ayşe Yusufoğlu, Emel Mataracı and Sibel Döşler
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6806-6815; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086806 - 10 Aug 2011
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6511
Abstract
A series of new enantiomerically pure and racemic 1,3-dioxolanes 1-8 was synthesized in good yields and short reaction times by the reaction of salicylaldehyde with commercially available diols using a catalytic amount of Mont K10. Elemental analysis and spectroscopic characterization established [...] Read more.
A series of new enantiomerically pure and racemic 1,3-dioxolanes 1-8 was synthesized in good yields and short reaction times by the reaction of salicylaldehyde with commercially available diols using a catalytic amount of Mont K10. Elemental analysis and spectroscopic characterization established the structure of all the newly synthesized compounds. These compounds were tested for their possible antibacterial and antifungal activity. Biological screening showed that all the tested compounds, except 1, show excellent antifungal activity against C. albicans, while most of the compounds have also shown significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa. Full article
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Article
HPLC and GC-MS Determination of Bioactive Compounds in Microwave Obtained Extracts of Three Varieties of Labisia pumila Benth.
by Ehsan Karimi and Hawa Z.E. Jaafar
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6791-6805; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086791 - 09 Aug 2011
Cited by 80 | Viewed by 9390
Abstract
Microwave extraction of phytochemicals from medicinal plant materials has generated tremendous research interest and shown great potential. This research highlights the importance of microwave extraction in the analysis of flavonoids, isoflavonoid and phenolics and the antioxidant properties of extracts from three varieties of [...] Read more.
Microwave extraction of phytochemicals from medicinal plant materials has generated tremendous research interest and shown great potential. This research highlights the importance of microwave extraction in the analysis of flavonoids, isoflavonoid and phenolics and the antioxidant properties of extracts from three varieties of the Malaysian medicinal herb, Labisia pumila Benth. High and fast extraction performance ability, equal or higher extraction efficiencies than other methods, and the need for small samples and reagent volumes are some of the attractive features of this new promising microwave assisted extraction (MAE) technique. The aims of the present research were to determine the foliar phenolics and flavonoids contents of extracts of three varieties of L. pumila obtained by a microwave extraction method while flavonoid, isoflavonoid and phenolic compounds were analyzed using RP-HPLC. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities were measured by the DPPH and FRAP methods and finally, the chemical composition of the crude methanolic extracts of the leaves of all three varieties were analyzed by GS-MS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)
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573 KiB  
Article
A Biomimetic Chitosan Derivates: Preparation, Characterization and Transdermal Enhancement Studies of N-Arginine Chitosan
by Hui-Xia Lv, Zhen-Hai Zhang, Xiao-Pan Wang, Qing-Qing Cheng, Wei Wang, Xu-Hui Huang, Jian-Ping Zhou, Qiang Zhang, Lu-Lu Hou and Wei Huo
Molecules 2011, 16(8), 6778-6790; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16086778 - 09 Aug 2011
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 8035
Abstract
A novel arginine-rich chitosan (CS) derivates mimicked cell penetration peptides; N-Arginine chitosan (N-Arg-CS) was prepared by two reaction methods involving activated L-arginine and the amine group on the chitosan. FTIR spectra showed that arginine was chemically coupled with CS. Elemental [...] Read more.
A novel arginine-rich chitosan (CS) derivates mimicked cell penetration peptides; N-Arginine chitosan (N-Arg-CS) was prepared by two reaction methods involving activated L-arginine and the amine group on the chitosan. FTIR spectra showed that arginine was chemically coupled with CS. Elemental analysis estimated that the degrees of substitution (DS) of arginine in CS were 6%, 31.3% and 61.5%, respectively. The drug adefovir was chosen as model and its permeation flux across excised mice skin was investigated using a Franz diffusion cell. The results showed that the most effective enhancer was 2% (w/v) concentration of 10 kDa N-Arg-CS with 6% DS. At neutral pH, the cumulative amount of adefovir permeated after 12 hours was 2.63 ± 0.19 mg cm−2 which was 5.83-fold more than adefovir aqueous solution. Meanwhile N-Arg-CS was 1.83, 2.22, and 2.45 times more effective than Azone, eucalyptus and peppermint, respectively. The obtained results suggest that N-Arg-CS could be a promising transdermal enhancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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