Special Issue "Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions"
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A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049).
Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2011)
Special Issue Editor
Guest Editor
Prof. Dr. Lajos Novak
Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Szt. Geller ter 4, Hungary
Website: http://www.och.bme.hu/org/novak.htm
E-Mail: l-novak@mail.bme.hu
Phone: +36 1 463 2207
Fax: +36 1 4633297
Interests: synthetic organic chemistry; rearrangement reactions; enzyme-catalyzed reaction, insect pheromone; insect growth regulators; lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitors; tryptamine derivatives
Special Issue Information
Dear Colleagues,
To generate chirality is essential in synthetic organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Besides conventional chemical synthetic methods, enzymes offer an excellent tool for asymmetric synthesis and enantioselective resolution. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions show excellent chemo-, region-, and stereocontrol. Furthermore, these reactions generally proceed at room temperature at pH≈ 7, in water and don’t require protecting-group manipulations. Considering the advantage of the enzyme catalyzed reactions, this technique may be widely used in chemical and biological research.
This Special Issue on enzyme-catalyzed reactions will offer a good possibility to illustrate the asymmetric catalysis with enzyme, its application in organic synthesis, and the mechanistic principles that govern these reactions. I strongly encourage authors to submit manuscripts for this Special Issue.
Dr. Lajos Novak
Guest Editor
Submission
Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. Papers will be published continuously (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.
Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are refereed through a peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed Open Access monthly journal published by MDPI.
Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs).
Keywords
- enzymes
- oxidoreductases
- transferases
- hydrolases
- lyases
- osomerases
- ligases
- immobilized enzyme
- enzyme engineering
- cofactors and coenzymes
- industrial applications
Published Papers (14 papers)
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Received: 16 November 2010; in revised form: 19 December 2010 / Accepted: 11 January 2011 / Published: 12 January 2011
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Abstract: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the causative agent of white spot syndrome, one of the most devastating diseases in shrimp aquaculture. The genome of WSSV includes a gene that encodes a putative family B DNA polymerase (ORF514), which is 16% identical in amino acid sequence to the Herpes virus 1 DNA polymerase. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the activity of the WSSV ORF514-encoded protein as a DNA polymerase and hence a putative antiviral target. A 3.5 kbp fragment encoding the conserved polymerase and exonuclease domains of ORF514 was overexpressed in bacteria. The recombinant protein showed polymerase activity but with very low level of processivity. Molecular modeling of the catalytic protein core encoded in ORF514 revealed a canonical polymerase fold. Amino acid sequence alignments of ORF514 indicate the presence of a putative PIP box, suggesting that the encoded putative DNA polymerase may use a host processivity factor for optimal activity. We postulate that WSSV ORF514 encodes a bona fide DNA polymerase that requires accessory proteins for activity and maybe target for drugs or compounds that inhibit viral DNA replication.
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Received: 11 March 2011; in revised form: 13 April 2011 / Accepted: 13 April 2011 / Published: 13 April 2011
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Abstract: The conceptual and practical issues regarding the reduction of the Haldane-Radić enzymic mechanism, specific for cholinesterase kinetics, to the consecrated or logistically modified Michaelis-Menten kinetics, specific for some mutant enzymes, are here clarified as due to the limited initial substrate concentration, through detailed initial rate and progress curve analysis, even when other classical conditions for such equivalence are not entirely fulfilled.
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Received: 29 June 2011; in revised form: 12 July 2011 / Accepted: 12 July 2011 / Published: 14 July 2011
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Abstract: Several fungal strains, namely Bauveria bassiana, Cuninghamella echinulata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium crustosum and Cladosporium herbarum, were used as biocatalysts to resolve racemic mixtures of 1-aminoethanephosphonic acid using L/D amino acid oxidase activity. The course of reaction was analyzed by 31P-NMR in the presence of cyclodextrin used as chiral discriminating agent. The best result (42% e.e of R-isomer) was obtained with a strain of Cuninghamella echinulata.
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Received: 23 June 2011 / Accepted: 12 July 2011 / Published: 18 July 2011
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Abstract: A straightforward one-pot procedure combining enrichment and immobilization of recombinantely expressed FADH2 dependent styrene monooxygenase (StyA) directly from Escherichia coli cell extracts was investigated. Sepabeads EC-EA and EC-Q1A anion-exchange carriers were employed to non-covalently adsorb StyA from the cell extracts depending on basic parameters such as varying initial protein concentrations and pH. The protein fraction of the cell extract contained around 25% StyA. At low initial protein concentrations (2.5 mg mL−1) and pH 6, the enzyme could be enriched up to 52.4% on Sepabeads EC-EA and up to 46.0% on Sepabeads EC-Q1A, accounting for an almost complete StyA adsorption from the cell extracts. Higher initial protein concentrations were necessary to exploit the high loading capacity of the beads. At 20 mg mL−1, up to 37.6% of the theoretical bead loading capacity could be utilized for StyA binding using Sepabeads EC-EA, and 34.0% using Sepabeads EC-Q1A. For both carriers, protein leakage under reaction conditions could be reduced to less than 2%. During assays, the FADH2 cofactor necessary for StyA activity was supplied by the NADH-FAD reductase component styrene monooxygenase B (StyB). StyA immobilized on Sepabeads EC-Q1A displayed twice as high styrene epoxidation rates (0.2 U mgStyA−1) as compared to Sepabeads EC-EA. This activity could be increased to 0.7 U mgStyA−1 by co-immobilizing StyB on Sepabeads EC-Q1A, which corresponds to 33% of the soluble StyA activity.
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Received: 24 June 2011; in revised form: 13 July 2011 / Accepted: 17 July 2011 / Published: 19 July 2011
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Abstract: Microreaction technology, which is an interdisciplinary science and engineering area, has been the focus of different fields of research in the past few years. Several microreactors have been developed. Enzymes are a type of catalyst, which are useful in the production of substance in an environmentally friendly way, and they also have high potential for analytical applications. However, not many enzymatic processes have been commercialized, because of problems in stability of the enzymes, cost, and efficiency of the reactions. Thus, there have been demands for innovation in process engineering, particularly for enzymatic reactions, and microreaction devices represent important tools for the development of enzyme processes. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of microchannel reaction technologies especially for enzyme immobilized microreactors. We discuss the manufacturing process of microreaction devices and the advantages of microreactors compared to conventional reaction devices. Fundamental techniques for enzyme immobilized microreactors and important applications of this multidisciplinary technology are also included in our topics.
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Received: 1 July 2011; in revised form: 22 July 2011 / Accepted: 25 July 2011 / Published: 28 July 2011
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Abstract: N-Acetylhexosamine 1-kinase (NahK) catalyzes the direct addition of a phosphate from adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) to the anomeric position of N-acetylhexosamine and shows similar activity towards N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Herein we report the cloning, characterization, and substrate specificity studies of two NahKs from Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC15697 and Bifidobacterium longum ATCC55813, respectively. A new capillary electrophoresis assay method has been developed for enzyme activity assays. Both enzymes have a good expression level in E. coli (180–185 mg/L culture) and can tolerate diverse modifications at C2 of GlcNAc and GalNAc. Various GlcNAc derivatives with C6, both C2 and C6, as well as both C2 and C3 modifications are tolerable substrates for the newly cloned NahKs. Quite interestingly, despite of their low activities toward glucose and galactose, the activities of both NahKs are much higher for mannose and some of its C2, C4, and C6 derivatives. These NahKs are excellent catalysts for enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates.
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Received: 20 June 2011; in revised form: 19 July 2011 / Accepted: 19 July 2011 / Published: 5 August 2011
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Abstract: Fatty hydroxamic acid derivatives were synthesized using Lipozyme TL IM catalyst at biphasic medium as the palm kernel oil was dissolved in hexane and hydroxylamine derivatives were dissolved in water: (1) N-methyl fatty hydroxamic acids (MFHAs); (2) N-isopropyl fatty hydroxamic acids (IPFHAs) and (3) N-benzyl fatty hydroxamic acids (BFHAs) were synthesized by reaction of palm kernel oil and N-methyl hydroxylamine (N-MHA), N-isopropyl hydroxylamine (N-IPHA) and N-benzyl hydroxylamine (N-BHA), respectively. Finally, after separation the products were characterized by color testing, elemental analysis, FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. For achieving the highest conversion percentage of product the optimum molar ratio of reactants was obtained by changing the ratio of reactants while other reaction parameters were kept constant. For synthesis of MFHAs the optimum mol ratio of N-MHA/palm kernel oil = 6/1 and the highest conversion was 77.8%, for synthesis of IPFHAs the optimum mol ratio of N-IPHA/palm kernel oil = 7/1 and the highest conversion was 65.4% and for synthesis of BFHAs the optimum mol ratio of N-BHA/palm kernel oil = 7/1 and the highest conversion was 61.7%.
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Received: 4 July 2011; in revised form: 2 August 2011 / Accepted: 4 August 2011 / Published: 9 August 2011
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Abstract: Optical resolution of 2-methyl-2-nitrobut-3-en-1-ol has been accomplished using a “low-temperature lipase-catalyzed transesterification” carried out at −40 °C.
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Received: 24 June 2011; in revised form: 28 July 2011 / Accepted: 3 August 2011 / Published: 9 August 2011
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Abstract: Three new docetaxel prodrugs, i.e., 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-b-D-glycopyranosides, which contain ester-linked monosaccharides, were synthesized by a chemo-enzymatic procedure involving enzymatic transglycosylations with lactase, b-galactosidase, or b-xylosidase. The water-solubility of 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-b-D-glucopyranoside was 52-fold higher than that of docetaxel. 7-Propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-b-D-glucopyranoside and 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-b-D-xylopyranoside were effectively hydrolyzed by the relevant enzyme(s) of human cancer cells to release docetaxel, whereas 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-b-D-galactopyranoside was relatively resistant under similar conditions. 7-Propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-b-D-glucopyranoside and 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-b-D-xylopyranoside showed in vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells, whereas 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-b-D-galactopyranoside exerted low cytotoxicity.
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Received: 29 June 2011; in revised form: 16 August 2011 / Accepted: 17 August 2011 / Published: 23 August 2011
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Abstract: Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a five-level, three-variable central composite design (CCD) was employed for modeling and optimizing the conversion yield of the enzymatic acylation of hesperidin with decanoic acid using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) in a two-phase system containing [bmim]BF4. The three variables studied (molar ratio of hesperidin to decanoic acid, [bmim]BF4/acetone ratio and lipase concentration) significantly affected the conversion yield of acylated hesperidin derivative. Verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The lipase showed higher conversion degree in a two-phase system using [bmim]BF4 and acetone compared to that in pure acetone. Under the optimal reaction conditions carried out in a single-step biocatalytic process when the water content was kept lower than 200 ppm, the maximum acylation yield was 53.6%.
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Received: 19 August 2011; in revised form: 14 September 2011 / Accepted: 15 September 2011 / Published: 20 September 2011
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Abstract: The enzymatic kinetic resolution of tert-butyl 2-(1-hydroxyethyl) phenylcarbamate via lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction was studied. We investigated several reaction conditions and the carbamate was resolved by Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B), leading to the optically pure (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. The enzymatic process showed excellent enantioselectivity (E > 200). (R)- and (S)-tert-butyl 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)phenylcarbamate were easily transformed into the corresponding (R)- and (S)-1-(2-aminophenyl)ethanols.
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Received: 5 September 2011; in revised form: 27 September 2011 / Accepted: 30 September 2011 / Published: 12 October 2011
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Abstract: Saccharopine reductase from Magnaporthe grisea, an NADPH-containing enzyme in the α-aminoadipate pathway, catalyses the formation of saccharopine, a precursor to L-lysine, from the substrates glutamate and α-aminoadipate-δ-semialdehyde. Its catalytic mechanism has been investigated using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) ONIOM-based approaches. In particular, the overall catalytic pathway has been elucidated and the effects of electron correlation and the anisotropic polar protein environment have been examined via the use of the ONIOM(HF/6-31G(d):AMBER94) and ONIOM(MP2/6-31G(d)//HF/6-31G(d):AMBER94) methods within the mechanical embedding formulism and ONIOM(MP2/6-31G(d)//HF/6-31G(d):AMBER94) and ONIOM(MP2/6-311G(d,p)//HF/6-31G(d):AMBER94) within the electronic embedding formulism. The results of the present study suggest that saccharopine reductase utilises a substrate-assisted catalytic pathway in which acid/base groups within the cosubstrates themselves facilitate the mechanistically required proton transfers. Thus, the enzyme appears to act most likely by binding the three required reactant molecules glutamate, α-aminoadipate-δ-semialdehyde and NADPH in a manner and polar environment conducive to reaction.
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Received: 27 October 2011; in revised form: 7 February 2012 / Accepted: 7 February 2012 / Published: 14 February 2012
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Abstract: The potential of enzyme catalysis in organic solvents for synthetic applications has been overshadowed by the fact that their catalytic properties are affected by organic solvents. In addition, it has recently been shown that an enzyme’s initial activity diminishes considerably after prolonged exposure to organic media. Studies geared towards understanding this last drawback have yielded unclear results. In the present work we decided to use electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) to study the motion of an active site spin label (a nitroxide free radical) during 96 h of exposure of the serine protease subtilisin Carlsberg to four different organic solvents. Our EPR data shows a typical two component spectra that was quantified by the ratio of the anisotropic and isotropic signals. The isotropic component, associated with a mobile nitroxide free radical, increases during prolonged exposure to all solvents used in the study. The maximum increase (of 43%) was observed in 1,4-dioxane. Based on these and previous studies we suggest that prolonged exposure of the enzyme to these solvents provokes a cascade of events that could induce substrates to adopt different binding conformations. This is the first EPR study of the motion of an active-site spin label during prolonged exposure of an enzyme to organic solvents ever reported.
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Received: 14 June 2012; in revised form: 1 August 2012 / Accepted: 8 August 2012 / Published: 15 August 2012
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Abstract: Rh(III)-TsDPEN, an immobilized analog of the well-known [Cp*Rh(bpy)(H2O)]2+ was evaluated as a heterogeneous, recyclable regeneration catalyst for reduced oxidoreductase cofactors [NAD(P)H]. Repeated use of this catalyst was established and the catalytic properties were initially investigated. Apparently, Rh(III)-TsDPEN is prone to severe diffusion limitations, necessitating further developments. Overall, a promising concept for chemoenzymatic redox catalysis is proposed, which may overcome some of the current limitations such as catalyst cost and incompatibility of Rh with some biocatalysts.
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Last update: 10 November 2010
