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Search Results (104)

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16 pages, 365 KiB  
Article
Sex-Specific Differences in Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Treatment Outcomes and Serum Levels in Children and Adolescents
by Maike Scherf-Clavel, Stefanie Fekete, Manfred Gerlach, Christoph U. Correll, Paul Plener, Jörg M. Fegert, Andreas Karwautz, Peter Heuschmann, Tobias Banaschewski, Wolfgang Briegel, Christian Fleischhaker, Tobias Hellenschmidt, Hartmut Imgart, Michael Kaess, Michael Kölch, Karl Reitzle, Tobias J. Renner, Christian Rexroth, Gerd Schulte-Körne, Frank Theisen, Susanne Walitza, Christoph Wewetzer, Franca Keicher, Stefan Unterecker, Sebastian Walther, Marcel Romanos, Karin M. Egberts, Timo Vloet and Regina Taurinesadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(8), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17080983 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 321
Abstract
Introduction: Sex-specific differences in psychopharmacological treatment have gained increasing attention in adults, with studies showing that women often have higher serum concentrations of psychotropic drugs due to biological differences. However, despite recognition of these differences in adults, reference ranges for therapeutic drug monitoring [...] Read more.
Introduction: Sex-specific differences in psychopharmacological treatment have gained increasing attention in adults, with studies showing that women often have higher serum concentrations of psychotropic drugs due to biological differences. However, despite recognition of these differences in adults, reference ranges for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in general, but even more sex-specific therapeutic windows for psychotropic drugs, are lacking in children and adolescents, who may metabolize and respond to medications differently. Aim: The study aimed to investigate sex-specific differences in antidepressant (AD) and antipsychotic (AP) -treatment outcomes, and pharmacokinetics in childhood/adolescence. In particular, we examined differences in AD and AP serum levels and clinical effects, including adverse drug effects (ADEs) and therapeutic effectiveness. Methods: This study is part of the multicenter “TDM-VIGIL” pharmacovigilance project, which prospectively followed patients aged 6–18 years treated with AD and AP across 18 child psychiatric centers in German-speaking countries from 2014 to 2018. Clinical data, including drug concentrations (AD: fluoxetine, mirtazapine, (es)citalopram, sertraline; AP: aripiprazole, quetiapine, olanzapine, risperidone), were collected using an internet-based registry, and treatment outcomes and ADEs were assessed during routine visits. Statistical analyses were performed to examine sex differences in pharmacokinetics and clinical responses, adjusting for age, weight, and other confounders. Results: A total of 705 patients (66.5% girls, 24.7% <14 years, mean age of 14.6 years) were included. Female patients were slightly older, had lower body weight, and were more often diagnosed with depression and anorexia nervosa, while boys were more frequently diagnosed with hyperkinetic disorders and atypical autism. We found no sex differences in the serum concentrations of investigated drugs when adjusted for age and weight. In fluoxetine treatment in patients diagnosed with mood (affective) disorders, female sex was associated with the probability for very good therapy response (p = 0.04), as well as with moderate treatment response (p = 0.02) compared to no treatment response. Discussion: Our findings suggest that sex may not affect serum levels of investigated AD and AP in children/adolescents. However, treatment outcome of fluoxetine was associated with sex, with higher probability for a better outcome in female patients diagnosed with mood (affective) disorders. Full article
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10 pages, 5450 KiB  
Case Report
Application of a Conservative Prosthodontic Approach in the Rehabilitation of a 10-Year-Old Child with Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
by Abdulfatah Alazmah
Healthcare 2025, 13(13), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13131543 - 28 Jun 2025
Viewed by 365
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a rare hereditary disorder affecting ectoderm-derived tissues including teeth, hair, and sweat glands. The dental abnormalities associated with HED, such as oligodontia and conical teeth, often result in significant functional, esthetic, and psychosocial challenges, particularly during [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a rare hereditary disorder affecting ectoderm-derived tissues including teeth, hair, and sweat glands. The dental abnormalities associated with HED, such as oligodontia and conical teeth, often result in significant functional, esthetic, and psychosocial challenges, particularly during childhood. Methods: A 10-year-old child presented with psychosocial concerns related to missing and malformed teeth. Clinical examination revealed oligodontia, conical anterior teeth, and a resorbed mandibular ridge. Based on clinical findings and a positive family history, a diagnosis of HED with significant dental involvement was confirmed. Results: A conservative prosthodontic approach was selected. A maxillary overdenture was fabricated over the retained primary teeth to enhance retention and preserve the alveolar bone, and a resin-bonded bridge was placed in the mandible due to poor ridge anatomy. The treatment restored oral function and esthetics and improved the child’s self-esteem. A recall visit after three months confirmed good prosthesis adaptation and a positive response from the patient and parents. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of early, conservative, and developmentally appropriate prosthetic rehabilitation in pediatric patients with HED. Interim prostheses can significantly improve oral function, appearance, and psychosocial well-being while preserving future treatment options as the child matures. Full article
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12 pages, 456 KiB  
Article
Well-Child Visits and Immunization Encounters in South Carolina Medicaid: A 3-Year Retrospective Comparison Between Rural and Urban Children with a History of Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome, 2006–2014
by Farah Tahsin, Leah Holcomb, Elizabeth Charron, Lori Dickes, Rachel Mayo, Windsor Sherrill, Jennifer Hudson and Julie Bedi
Healthcare 2025, 13(13), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13131539 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This retrospective cohort study compared well-child visits (WCVs) and immunization encounters from birth to age three among rural and urban South Carolina (SC) Medicaid-enrolled children with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Methods: We applied logistic and Poisson regression models to examine associations [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This retrospective cohort study compared well-child visits (WCVs) and immunization encounters from birth to age three among rural and urban South Carolina (SC) Medicaid-enrolled children with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Methods: We applied logistic and Poisson regression models to examine associations between rural status and the number of WCVs, WCV adherence, and immunization encounters. Results: The sample included 833 urban and 161 rural children with NOWS born between 2006 and 2014. Significant differences existed between groups in the number of WCVs and immunization encounters each year from birth to age three (p = < 0.01 for all the comparisons). After covariate adjustment, rural compared to urban status was associated with decreased WCVs from birth to 11 months (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.85; 95% CI: 0.77–0.93) and 12 to 23 months (IRR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69–0.93). Rural status was not significantly associated with decreased WCVs from 24 to 35 months (IRR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.63–1.03). Rural compared to urban status was associated with a 34% lower odds of WCV adherence from 12 to 23 months (odds ratio (OR): 0.66; 95% CI: 0.44–0.99). Furthermore, rural compared to urban status was associated with decreased immunization encounters from birth to 11 months (IRR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.52–0.69), 12 to 23 months (IRR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.50–0.71), and 24 to 35 months (IRR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.40–0.76). Conclusions: Rurality was associated with decreased WCVs and immunization encounters among children with a history of NOWS residing in SC. Policy interventions, including telehealth services and expanded Medicaid access, could improve WCV and immunization rates among these children. Full article
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15 pages, 310 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Oral Health on the Quality of Life of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Families: Parental Perspectives from an Online Cross-Sectional Study
by Marija Badrov, Lana Perkov and Antonija Tadin
Oral 2025, 5(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5020036 - 20 May 2025
Viewed by 911
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to determine the oral health profile of children with autism spectrum disorder and to analyze the impact of their oral health status on their personal quality of life and the quality of life of their families. Materials and Methods: [...] Read more.
Aim: This study aimed to determine the oral health profile of children with autism spectrum disorder and to analyze the impact of their oral health status on their personal quality of life and the quality of life of their families. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online study was conducted on 121 parents. A self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, parents’ perceptions of their child’s oral health, oral hygiene practices, and access to dental care. Additionally, the Parental–Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ-16, 16 items) and the Family Impact Scale (FIS-8, 8 items) were employed. The data were analyzed descriptively and using the Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis H test. Results: No significant differences were found in FIS-8 and P-CPQ-16 scores between parents and children based on their sociodemographic characteristics. However, a significant association was observed between P-CPQ-16 and FIS-8 total scores and the type of used dental care (general dental practice vs. adapted practice and general anesthesia, p ≤ 0.001), dental visit frequency (regular vs. occasional, p < 0.05), child cooperation level during dental visits (cooperative vs. uncooperative, p ≤ 0.001), and dental care access challenges (p < 0.05). Parents reported a high prevalence of poor oral health in their children: the experience of tooth decay (48.1%), malocclusion (47.1%), bruxism (38.8%), bad breath (34.7%), and toothache (28.8%) in the previous 12 months. Most children brushed their teeth daily (89.3%), often with the help of their parents (44.6%). The most frequently reported difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene was the children’s unwillingness to cooperate (62.8%). Conclusions: Poor perceived oral health in children with autism spectrum disorder is significantly linked to a lower quality of life for both them and their families, especially when access to dental care is difficult and there is a lack of cooperation. Addressing these barriers and the high prevalence of oral health problems through tailored strategies is critical to improving children’s well-being. Full article
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17 pages, 1898 KiB  
Study Protocol
SmilebrightRO—Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate Oral Health Interventions in Children
by Ruxandra Sava-Rosianu, Guglielmo Campus, Vlad Tiberiu Alexa, Octavia Balean, Ruxandra Sfeatcu, Alice Murariu, Alexandrina Muntean, Daniela Esian, Constantin Daguci, Simona Olaru-Posiar, Vanessa Bolchis, Antonia Ilin, Ramona Dumitrescu, Berivan Laura Rebeca Buzatu, Mariana Postolache, Nicoleta Toderas, Roxana Oancea, Daniela Jumanca and Atena Galuscan
Methods Protoc. 2025, 8(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps8030049 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 766
Abstract
Background: Oral diseases represent a constant burden for health care and socio-economic systems as they are correlated to other non-communicable diseases. The aim of the proposed intervention is to test the effect of daily tooth brushing and oral health education on the oral [...] Read more.
Background: Oral diseases represent a constant burden for health care and socio-economic systems as they are correlated to other non-communicable diseases. The aim of the proposed intervention is to test the effect of daily tooth brushing and oral health education on the oral health status of kindergarten children. Methods: The protocol will be conducted based on a previous epidemiological survey and conducted over 24 months; it has been developed on different levels. Dental hygienists will receive specific training to deliver oral health promotion to children and nursery educators. Training will focus on tailoring key messages to the specific age at visit; this will be outlined in the care pathway and offer practical preparation for delivering interventions and a toothpaste/toothbrush scheme. It will also, involving involve offering free daily tooth brushing to every 4–6-year-old child attending nursery. Data will be collected in four kindergartens in the capital or metropolitan areas, two kindergartens each in two large cities, and one kindergarten each in four villages from different geographic areas. Procedures used to assess the outcomes of each activity will be tailored to specific outcomes. Daily tooth-brushing activities will be monitored using qualitative research. A cost analysis including the distribution of necessary materials and correct delivery of products that shows price trends and percentage differences over the time span as well as consumer price index evaluation for the given time span will be conducted. Clinical outcomes will be evaluated using the caries incidence rate; this will be calculated for each tooth as the unit of analysis and evaluated using a multi-step approach. Discussion: Downstream oral health prevention interventions, like clinical prevention and oral health promotion, aim to enhance children’s quality of life. The program’s goal is to progress towards upstream interventions for a more significant impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Public Health Research)
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12 pages, 239 KiB  
Article
Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Children at a Pediatric Emergency Dental Service During the Start of COVID-19
by Ali Al Ibraheem, Clara Dürsch and Katrin Bekes
Dent. J. 2025, 13(4), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13040171 - 18 Apr 2025
Viewed by 577
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) has become increasingly significant in dentistry. By incorporating patient perspectives through questionnaires alongside objective diagnoses, the understanding of diseases is enhanced. This study examines OHRQoL during the early COVID-19 pandemic in children aged 0–10 who visited [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) has become increasingly significant in dentistry. By incorporating patient perspectives through questionnaires alongside objective diagnoses, the understanding of diseases is enhanced. This study examines OHRQoL during the early COVID-19 pandemic in children aged 0–10 who visited the Emergency unit of Pediatric Dentistry at the Medical University of Vienna from March to May 2020, focusing on the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on various social and health aspects. The study aimed to assess OHRQoL in children during the early weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic and correlate it with other health and social conditions. Materials and Methods: Children (up to 10 years) and their parents visiting the Emergency Unit of the department completed OHRQoL questionnaires. In children aged 0–6, their parents answered the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale questionnaire (ECOHIS), while 7–10-year-olds completed the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ) by themselves. Summary scores and associations between oral and general health subdomains were analyzed. Results: Both the ECOHIS and CPQ groups showed high general summary scores, indicating decreased OHRQoL (ECOHIS 12.22 [±8.68] and CPQ 18.36 [±12.35]). The highest scores were in the “oral symptoms” domain, mainly due to “toothache”. Significant correlations were observed between “general health” and “oral health” with the “family section” in the ECOHIS group and between “oral health” and “oral symptoms” with “emotional well-being” in the CPQ group. Conclusions: During the pandemic, both age groups experienced decreased OHRQoL. Family background influenced oral health (ECOHIS), while oral symptoms and emotional well-being correlated with oral health (CPQ). Further research is needed to understand pandemic-related factors affecting OHRQoL and develop preventive strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Pediatric Odontology)
20 pages, 322 KiB  
Article
Parents’ Reflective Functioning, Emotion Regulation, and Health: Associations with Children’s Functional Somatic Symptoms
by Aikaterini Fostini, Foivos Zaravinos-Tsakos, Gerasimos Kolaitis and Georgios Giannakopoulos
Psychol. Int. 2025, 7(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7020031 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 2744
Abstract
Functional somatic symptoms (FSSs) in children—such as headaches, stomachaches, and muscle pain without clear medical explanations—pose a significant clinical challenge, often leading to repeated healthcare visits and impairments in daily functioning. While the role of parental psychological factors in shaping children’s FSSs has [...] Read more.
Functional somatic symptoms (FSSs) in children—such as headaches, stomachaches, and muscle pain without clear medical explanations—pose a significant clinical challenge, often leading to repeated healthcare visits and impairments in daily functioning. While the role of parental psychological factors in shaping children’s FSSs has been suggested, empirical evidence remains limited and fragmented. This study addresses this gap by systematically examining the associations between parents’ reflective functioning, emotion regulation, alexithymia, and physical and mental health, and the frequency and severity of children’s FSSs. A total of 339 parents of children aged 6–12 completed surveys assessing their capacity to understand mental states, regulate emotions, and identify or describe feelings, as well as their self-reported physical and mental health. They also indicated whether their child experienced FSSs (e.g., headaches, stomachaches) more than once per week. Results revealed that parents of children with FSSs reported significantly lower levels of reflective functioning (lower certainty, higher uncertainty), higher alexithymic traits, and greater emotion regulation difficulties, alongside poorer physical and mental health indices. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that emotion regulation difficulties and poorer mental health significantly increased the likelihood of a child exhibiting FSSs, while lower reflective functioning also emerged as a significant predictor. Furthermore, multiple linear regression indicated that emotion regulation challenges and poor mental health predicted greater severity of FSSs. These findings offer novel insights into how parents’ psychological and health characteristics can shape children’s somatic symptom expression, highlighting the need for family-focused interventions. By identifying and addressing parental emotional and cognitive difficulties, clinicians may be able to mitigate the intergenerational transmission of maladaptive stress responses, ultimately reducing the burden of FSSs in children. Full article
12 pages, 845 KiB  
Article
An Assessment of Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life and Anxiety in Early Adolescents (11–14 Years) at Their First Dental Visit: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Trinidad Rincón, Cristina Gómez-Polo, Javier Montero, Daniel Curto and Adrián Curto
Children 2025, 12(4), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040428 - 28 Mar 2025
Viewed by 778
Abstract
Background: Knowing the oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) status of pediatric patients would be helpful in analyzing their level of dental anxiety before their first visit to a pediatric dentist. However, few studies have analyzed OHRQoL and anxiety in early adolescent patients. The [...] Read more.
Background: Knowing the oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) status of pediatric patients would be helpful in analyzing their level of dental anxiety before their first visit to a pediatric dentist. However, few studies have analyzed OHRQoL and anxiety in early adolescent patients. The aim of this study was to describe the OHRQoL and anxiety levels of early adolescents, according to age and sex, at their first dental examination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on early adolescents (11–14 years old) attending their first dental examination in 2023–2024. OHRQoL was assessed using the Spanish version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11–14 (CPQ-Esp11-14) and anxiety using the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory in Children (STAIC). Results: A total of 130 early adolescents were assessed, with an average age of 12.6 years (±1.06) and an equal sex distribution (65 boys and 65 girls). Among the analyzed sample, the OHRQoL dimension with the highest score was social well-being (15.01 ± 10.7), whereas the oral symptoms dimension (8.6 ± 4.25) had the lowest impact. There were no statistically significant differences between female and male early adolescents in the anxiety state or anxiety-trait dimensions or in the dimension of OHRQoL, except for oral symptoms, which were higher in boys (9.48 ± 4.51 versus 7.72 ± 3.81). Similarly, no significant differences were found based on age regarding anxiety or OHRQoL. Conclusions: Considering the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that higher levels of anxiety negatively impacted the OHRQoL of the early adolescent population studied. Full article
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10 pages, 463 KiB  
Article
Parental Perceptions and Family Impact on Adolescents’ Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Relation to the Severity of Malocclusion and Caries Status
by Berfin Karbeyazgün Çınar, Rosaria Bucci, Vincenzo D’Antò, Simona Cascella, Roberto Rongo and Rosa Valletta
Children 2025, 12(4), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040425 - 28 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 572
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Parents/caregivers’ reports are valuable because they frequently play a crucial role in making decisions concerning a child’s health, and their perspectives can significantly impact treatment choices. Furthermore, negative effects of oral health issues extend beyond just the adolescent patient, having an impact [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Parents/caregivers’ reports are valuable because they frequently play a crucial role in making decisions concerning a child’s health, and their perspectives can significantly impact treatment choices. Furthermore, negative effects of oral health issues extend beyond just the adolescent patient, having an impact on family life. The aim of this study is to explore the perception of parents/caregivers regarding their children’s oral-health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and how the OHRQoL of adolescents impacts their family life. Methods: The Parental-Caregiver Perception Questionnaire-16 (P-CPQ-16) and the Family Impact Scale-8 (FIS-8) were administered to 160 parents/caregivers of adolescents aged 10–18 years old at the Dental Clinic of the University of Naples Federico II (Italy). Adolescents’ oral health status was recorded using the Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT/dmft) index and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Results: FIS-8 and P-CPQ-16 scores showed no significant differences across DAI and DMFT/dmft subgroups. However, regression analysis found a significant association between social well-being and total P-CPQ-16 scores with the DAI and DMFT index. Spearman’s correlation showed statistical significance only for the social well-being domain of P-CPQ-16 with respect to DAI scores. Conclusions: Parents/caregivers perceived a difference in their children’s OHRQoL according to different severities of malocclusion and dental caries; however, they did not report any impact on the family’s quality of life. Since adolescents often visit dentists due to parental influence, involving parents who perceive a lower quality of life in children with severe malocclusions or compromised oral health is crucial for effective care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Disease Prevention and Treatment for Children and Adolescents)
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11 pages, 235 KiB  
Case Report
Acute Liver Failure During Early Pregnancy—Case Report and Review of Literature
by Banach Paulina, Justyna Kuczkowska, Yulia Areshchanka, Weronika Banach, Jakub Rzepka, Bartosz Kudliński and Rafał Rzepka
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(6), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14062028 - 17 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1079
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This article presents the case of a 31-year-old primigravida who experienced acute liver failure in the 23rd week of pregnancy, along with a review of the literature on this rare condition during pregnancy. The purpose of this publication is to highlight the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This article presents the case of a 31-year-old primigravida who experienced acute liver failure in the 23rd week of pregnancy, along with a review of the literature on this rare condition during pregnancy. The purpose of this publication is to highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with acute liver failure in pregnant women. Methods: The patient presented with jaundice, pruritus, and dark-colored urine. Laboratory tests revealed a significant increase in aminotransferase, bilirubin, and bile acid levels, suggesting liver problems; however, due to the patient’s rapidly deteriorating condition and test results, autoimmune hepatitis was considered. Viral infections and other causes of liver damage were excluded. No clear diagnosis was established. The patient was administered ursodeoxycholic acid and due to her worsening condition, a cesarean section was performed at 23 weeks of gestation. After delivery, the patient’s condition improved, although she did experience cardiac arrest during hospitalization. The patient was discharged with a diagnosis of acute liver failure in the course of an overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis and primary cholangitis or intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. No abnormalities were noted during a follow-up visit 6 weeks after delivery. Despite a detailed case analysis, a final diagnosis was not established, which complicates planning for future pregnancies. Discussion: Several liver conditions can occur during pregnancy, including intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, primary biliary cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Diagnosing these conditions can be challenging due to overlapping symptoms and metabolic and immunological adaptations during pregnancy that can affect the course of liver diseases. Rapid intervention is crucial to protect the health of both the mother and the fetus. Conclusions: In summary, this article aims to increase awareness of the complexities surrounding acute liver failure during pregnancy, highlighting the diagnostic challenges and importance of prompt medical intervention for the well-being of both the mother and the child. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complexities surrounding acute liver failure during pregnancy, aiming to improve the understanding, diagnosis, and management of this condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)
13 pages, 204 KiB  
Article
Sociodemographic Determinants of Reproductive Healthcare Service Use Among Pregnant Women in Pakistan
by Zhifei He, Ghose Bishwajit and Fubo Wu
Healthcare 2025, 13(4), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040440 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 821
Abstract
Introduction: Using the essential reproductive care services such as antenatal care (ANC) and skilled birth services are vital for ensuring safe motherhood and controlling maternal and child mortality. There is no recent evidence on the state of using reproductive care services in Pakistan [...] Read more.
Introduction: Using the essential reproductive care services such as antenatal care (ANC) and skilled birth services are vital for ensuring safe motherhood and controlling maternal and child mortality. There is no recent evidence on the state of using reproductive care services in Pakistan women. The purpose of the cross-sectional study is to explore the timing and frequency of ANC, the hospital and other institutional delivery, the cesarean section (C-section) services and to identify the sociodemographic factors that are associated with the use of these services. Methodology: Using the latest Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18 PDHS) for this analysis, the data were collected by face-to-face interviews by trained interviewers, which included 8287 women aged 15–49 years. The data on reproductive services were defined by standard guidelines by the World Health Organization (WHO). Data analyses involved univariate tests and multivariate regression techniques. Results: The percentage of women who attended ANC visits in the first trimester was 62.59%, and those who attended the minimum recommended number of four visits was 49.46%. The percentages of using hospital and C-section services were, respectively, 76.20% and 19.63%. In the regression analysis, place of residence, education, household wealth status, access to using electronic media and learning about family planning from electronic media and before marriage were found to significantly predict the use of ANC and facility delivery services. However, educational and household wealth status stood out as the strongest predictors of all. About half of the women were not having adequate ANC visits and about one-third not making timely ANC contact. More than three-quarters reported choosing to deliver at hospital/other facility, and about one-fifth preferred C-section. Conclusions: The results indicated that, among the predictor of using these services, education and household wealth status were found to have the strongest association, highlighting the role of women’s socioeconomic well-being in availing the basic reproductive healthcare services. Hence, this study suggests that the government and medical institutions should further pay attention to the ANC visits and reduce infant birth mortality rates. Simultaneously, increasing women’s educational opportunities, enhancing women’s socioeconomic well-being and social status, can help improve their health awareness and promote healthy behaviors. Full article
17 pages, 316 KiB  
Article
Breastfeeding Practices and Food Consumption of Socially Vulnerable Children
by Natália A. Oliveira, Nathalia Pizato, Érika S. O. Patriota, Ariene S. do Carmo, Gabriela Buccini and Vivian S. S. Gonçalves
Foods 2025, 14(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14010138 - 6 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1294
Abstract
Promoting child well-being and development requires a multidimensional approach, including the right to adequate food practices. Socially vulnerable children are more exposed to adverse experiences, such as inadequate food consumption due to poverty. In this context, home-visiting programs are an important strategy for [...] Read more.
Promoting child well-being and development requires a multidimensional approach, including the right to adequate food practices. Socially vulnerable children are more exposed to adverse experiences, such as inadequate food consumption due to poverty. In this context, home-visiting programs are an important strategy for nutritional and health care education to provide relevant guidelines. This study describes breastfeeding and food consumption of children aged 0 to 24 months assisted by the Happy Child Program (Programa Criança Feliz—PCF) and aimed to investigate their association with socioeconomic factors and adherence to the program. This is an observational study, with a cross-sectional design, carried out with children assisted by the PCF in the Federal District, Brazil. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify sociodemographic and income factors, and household visits characteristics associated with breastfeeding, dietary diversity, and the consumption of ultra-processed food. A total of 301 children were assessed, 51.16% of whom were female. In 58.99% of households, the reference person was the mother; 86.20% were unemployed, and 27.08% had a low education degree. About 62.65% of beneficiaries lived on up to USD 200.00 per month and the majority faced food insecurity. The child’s age, and the mother’s current work situation were independently associated with the current breastfeeding situation, especially higher among women who did not work (p = 0.015). The minimum dietary diversity among children over 6 months old was 62.21% and presented a positive association with adherence to the program (p = 0.005). On the other hand, the consumption of ultra-processed foods was 77.21% and was associated with a longer follow-up time within the program (p = 0.047). The associations observed revealed the need to integrate family food choices and nutritional education into public policies for early childhood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Choice, Nutrition, and Public Health: 2nd Edition)
17 pages, 776 KiB  
Article
Awareness and Knowledge About Preconception Healthcare: A Cross-Sectional Study of Early Years UAE Medical Students
by Sara Maki, Shamsa Al Awar, Sara Alhosani, Latifa Alshamsi, Shamma Alzaabi, Mohammad Ali Alsaadi, Mahra Alhammadi, Hamad Alhosani, Gehan Sayed Salam, Stanisław Wójtowicz and Kornelia Zaręba
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14010181 - 31 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1243
Abstract
Background: Preconception health is critical for improving maternal and child health. The main objective of the study was to explore medical students’ health habits, quality of life, and knowledge of preconception healthcare. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study between 15 March 2023 and [...] Read more.
Background: Preconception health is critical for improving maternal and child health. The main objective of the study was to explore medical students’ health habits, quality of life, and knowledge of preconception healthcare. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study between 15 March 2023 and 31 May 2024 among medical students at United Arab Emirates University. To determine awareness and knowledge of preconception health, we administered a survey consisting of an author’s questionnaire with 35 questions covering sociodemographic characteristics and general knowledge of preconception health, as well as the WHO Quality of Life Scale-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: The participants were predominantly under 25 years old (98.5%), Emirati (91.1%), single (92.6%), and female (95.8%); only 3.4% had been pregnant before. Regarding health awareness and behaviors, a significant number of females (58.0%) had never visited a gynecologist. The majority of students (72.4%) participated in sports activities. The overall level of knowledge was low, with a mean level of 7.5 (SD = 6.36) out of 24. The Internet (webpages, blogs, webinars) (64.5%) was the major source of knowledge regarding healthcare information, followed by social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, TikTok, Instagram) and mobile applications (57.5%), books (48.6%), and family members (57.0%). There was a statistically significant correlation between knowledge levels and the Internet (p < 0.004) or family (p < 0.001) as a source of knowledge. Additionally, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between knowledge and quality of life across all four WHOQOL domains. Conclusions: Medical knowledge might positively affect general well-being. Fostering stronger social networks and support systems could benefit preconceptional awareness and knowledge. Full article
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11 pages, 2054 KiB  
Article
Rates of School Absences in Pediatric Scoliosis Patients and Work Absences in Their Parents/Caregivers: A Retrospective Analysis
by Ria Paradkar, Christina Regan, Charles P. Nolte, Anthony Stans, William Shaughnessy, Kellen Mulford, Todd A. Milbrandt and A. Noelle Larson
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7859; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247859 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1086
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The burden of scoliosis care extends beyond treatment costs and includes missed school for patients and lost income for parents. Chronic absenteeism, defined as more than 18 days of missed school, can have a significant impact on a child’s educational progression, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The burden of scoliosis care extends beyond treatment costs and includes missed school for patients and lost income for parents. Chronic absenteeism, defined as more than 18 days of missed school, can have a significant impact on a child’s educational progression, but missed school and work due to scoliosis treatment are not well quantified in the literature. This study investigates absenteeism among scoliosis patients and their caregivers. Methods: We conducted a retrospective comparative study of survey results based on surgery timing and surgery type. Patients and caregivers presenting for clinic visits for scoliosis treatment at a single large tertiary care center from 2014 to 2022 were queried. Results: We collected 2772 surveys from 1104 unique patients. Of these, 223 surveys from 132 patients were within one year of surgery: 140 post-fusion surveys, 71 post-nonfusion surveys, and 11 post-halo/multistage surgery surveys. A total of 2280 surveys were from 1022 nonoperatively treated patients. School absenteeism was significantly higher for surgeries during the school year compared to summer in both the fusion and nonfusion groups, though work absenteeism showed no significant differences. Halo/multistage surgery patients had the highest rates of absenteeism. Conclusions: This study highlights the impacts of scoliosis surgery timing and type on absenteeism among patients and their caregivers. Surgery during summer breaks reduces school absenteeism and academic disruption. Halo/multistage surgery patients face the greatest risk of chronic absenteeism from school, indicating a need for targeted interventions. Optimized surgical timing and planning can help families navigate the educational and financial challenges of scoliosis treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)
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15 pages, 321 KiB  
Communication
The Camden Study—A Pregnancy Cohort Study of Pregnancy Complications and Birth Outcomes in Camden, New Jersey, USA
by Stephanie Shiau, Xinhua Chen, Ayana April-Sanders, Ellen C. Francis, Shristi Rawal, Megan Hansel, Kehinde Adeyemi, Zorimar Rivera-Núñez and Emily S. Barrett
Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4372; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244372 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1651
Abstract
Background: Pregnancy is a unique stage of the life course characterized by trade-offs between the nutritional, immune, and metabolic needs of the mother and fetus. The Camden Study was originally initiated to examine nutritional status, growth, and birth outcomes in adolescent pregnancies and [...] Read more.
Background: Pregnancy is a unique stage of the life course characterized by trade-offs between the nutritional, immune, and metabolic needs of the mother and fetus. The Camden Study was originally initiated to examine nutritional status, growth, and birth outcomes in adolescent pregnancies and expanded to study dietary and molecular predictors of pregnancy complications and birth outcomes in young women. Methods: From 1985–2006, 4765 pregnant participants aged 12 years and older were recruited from Camden, NJ, one of the poorest cities in the US. The cohort reflects a population under-represented in perinatal cohort studies (45% Hispanic, 38% non-Hispanic Black, 17% White participants; 98% using Medicaid in pregnancy). Study visits, including questionnaires, dietary assessments, and biospecimen collection, occurred in early and late pregnancy as well as at delivery. Medical records were abstracted, and a subset of mothers and infants participated in a six-week postpartum visit. Results: Findings from the Camden Study have added to the understanding of adolescent and young adult maternal health and perinatal outcomes. These include associations of adolescent linear growth while pregnant with smaller neonatal birth size, low dietary zinc intake in early pregnancy with increased risk of delivery <33 gestational weeks, and higher circulating fatty acid levels with greater insulin resistance. More recent analyses have begun to unpack the biochemical pathways in pregnancy that may be shaped by race as an indicator of systemic racism. Conclusions: The Camden Study data and biorepositories are well-positioned to support future research aimed at better understanding perinatal health in under-represented women and infants. Linkages to subsequent health and administrative records and the potential for recontacting participants over 18–39 years after initial participation may provide key insights into the trajectories of maternal and child health across the life course. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Effects on Women’s Reproductive Health and Disease)
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