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Keywords = the North Crimean Canal

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14 pages, 3453 KiB  
Article
Zooplankton in the Technogenic Aquatic Ecosystem of the North Crimean Canal, the Longest in Europe
by Nickolai Shadrin, Vladimir Yakovenko, Igor Moseychenko and Elena Anufriieva
Water 2023, 15(13), 2327; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132327 - 22 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2371
Abstract
The construction and use of navigation and irrigation canals are among the common human alterations in landscapes and ecosystems. The North Crimean Canal (NCC) is the longest in Europe; its main branch is 403 km, and the total of all its branches exceeds [...] Read more.
The construction and use of navigation and irrigation canals are among the common human alterations in landscapes and ecosystems. The North Crimean Canal (NCC) is the longest in Europe; its main branch is 403 km, and the total of all its branches exceeds 10,000 km. It is a main driver of the significant environmental changes in an all-arid part of Crimea. No zooplankton studies in the canal have been carried out up to this time at all. In 2022, zooplankton was studied in different sites from May to October. Total zooplankton abundance fluctuated between 170 and 19,560 ind. m−3, and wet biomass between 0.75 and 1057 mg m−3. In total, 11 Rotifera species, 11 Cladocera species, and 15 Copepoda species, including 2 Harpacticoida, 5 Calanoida, and 8 Cyclopoida, were found in plankton. The most common Rotifera species were Brachionus calyciflorus, Euchlanis dilatate, and Keratella cochlearis. Among Cladocera, Chydorus sphaericus, Bosmina longirostris, and Coronatella rectangular have the highest frequency of occurrence. In Copepoda, these were Acanthocyclops vernalis, Eurytemora affinis, and Nitocra typica. Among the 37 species found in NCC, 10 were not previously noted in the water bodies of Crimea. Among rotifers, they were Ploesoma hudsoni, Polyarthra dolichoptera, Pompholyx complanata, Synchaeta grandis, and Synchaeta stylata. Bosminopsis zernowi, Rhynchotalona rostrata, and Scapholeberis mucronata were not noted before among Cladocera. Eurytemora lacustris and Cyclops smirnovi were first found in Crimea among Copepoda. New technogenic aquatic ecosystems such as NCC are the “gateway” for the invasion of alien species into the new regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology and Ecology of Zooplankton: Latest Advances and Prospects)
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22 pages, 4250 KiB  
Article
Artificial Radionuclides in the System: Water, Irrigated Soils, and Agricultural Plants of the Crimea Region
by Natalia Mirzoeva, Nataliya Tereshchenko and Andrey Korotkov
Land 2022, 11(9), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091539 - 11 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2713
Abstract
In the frame of the radioecological monitoring after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, the features of migration and distribution of artificial radionuclides in the North Crimean Canal (NCC) irrigation system were studied. Standard methods of radiochemical analyzes and modern radiospectrometric equipment were [...] Read more.
In the frame of the radioecological monitoring after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident, the features of migration and distribution of artificial radionuclides in the North Crimean Canal (NCC) irrigation system were studied. Standard methods of radiochemical analyzes and modern radiospectrometric equipment were used. It was determined that the irrigation system of the NCC retains 43–59% 90Sr, 59–60% 239+240Pu, and 66–70% 137Cs of the concentration radionuclides entering to irrigated fields with the Dnieper waters. The NCC irrigation system plays the role of a buffer against the radionuclide pollution of the Karkinitsky Bay (the Black Sea). Differences in the accumulation of radionuclides by agricultural crops were revealed. The 90Sr and 239+240Pu transfer factors (TF) for alfalfa were n × 10−2 and n × 10−1, respectively. The TF for wheat, corn, and rice for 90Sr were n × 10−3, and for 239+240Pu—n × 10−2. A radioecological assessment on the safety agriculture along the NCC was made: in the absence of an increase in the entry of the Chernobyl origin radionuclides with the Dnieper river waters to the NCC, the levels of activity concentration of artificial radionuclides in cultivated crops will not exceed the maximum permissible concentration for food raw materials in the coming years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Fate and Transport of Artificial Radionuclides in Soil-Water Environment)
(This article belongs to the Section Land, Soil and Water)
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13 pages, 1755 KiB  
Article
The Sedimentation Rate in the Crimean Hypersaline Lake Aktashskoye Estimated Using the Post-Chernobyl Artificial Radionuclide 90Sr as a Radiotracer
by Natalia Mirzoeva, Nickolai Shadrin, Vladislav Proskurnin, Svetlana Arkhipova, Igor Moseychenko and Elena Anufriieva
Water 2022, 14(16), 2506; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162506 - 14 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4183
Abstract
Artificial 90Sr is one of the most important long-lived radionuclides of global radioactive fallout from the atmosphere after the testing of nuclear weapons and the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986. In addition to fallout from the atmosphere, secondary [...] Read more.
Artificial 90Sr is one of the most important long-lived radionuclides of global radioactive fallout from the atmosphere after the testing of nuclear weapons and the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986. In addition to fallout from the atmosphere, secondary radioactive contamination of Crimea was mainly from the Dnieper River and the North Crimean Canal, which occurred until 2014. 90Sr was used as the optimal radiotracer for estimating the rate of sedimentation in the Crimean hypersaline lake. Its vertical distribution in the bottom sediments was assessed. In the core of the bottom sediments, the detectable activity of 90Sr in layers 0–1.5 cm and 16.7–21.9 cm was absent, and it was determined again in the layer of 15.5 cm, which was associated with atmospheric fallout of the radionuclide after the Chernobyl NPP accident. There were well-isolated peaks of specific activity in layers at a depth of 4.6 and 13.3–14.3 cm. The calculated rate of sedimentation varied within 0.5–1.5 cm year−1: the minimum rate corresponded to the period 1971–2017, and the highest rate corresponded to the period 1954–1971. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystems of Inland Saline Waters)
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17 pages, 21437 KiB  
Article
Human-Induced Sharp Salinity Changes in the World’s Largest Hypersaline Lagoon Bay Sivash (Crimea) and Their Effects on the Ecosystem
by Elena Anufriieva, Elena Kolesnikova, Tatiana Revkova, Alexander Latushkin and Nickolai Shadrin
Water 2022, 14(3), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030403 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3945
Abstract
Lakes and lagoons play an important role worldwide, and salinity fluctuations significantly affect their ecosystems. Bay Sivash, the world’s largest hypersaline water body, underwent a sharp change in salinity, induced by the closing of the North Crimean Canal. To monitor a shift in [...] Read more.
Lakes and lagoons play an important role worldwide, and salinity fluctuations significantly affect their ecosystems. Bay Sivash, the world’s largest hypersaline water body, underwent a sharp change in salinity, induced by the closing of the North Crimean Canal. To monitor a shift in the ecosystem, a study was carried out from 2014 to 2020 at 15 sites of the lagoon. Since the closure of the canal, the average salinity increased from 22 g L−1 (2013) to 94 g L−1 (2020). Suspended solids and dissolved organic matter also increased. When salinity increased above 50 g L−1, the number of taxa significantly decreased; this was a negative linear relation. The increase in salinity significantly changed the structure of zooplankton and benthos. The most dramatic changes occurred with the salinity increase from 25 to 70 g L−1. Chironomidae larvae numbers began to increase greatly in the ecosystem of the bay, and since 2014, they have rapidly increased their contribution to the abundance of benthos and plankton. The concentration of benthic–planktonic species increased in plankton, in particular, in Harpacticoida and Chironomidae. At salinity above 80–90 g L−1, nauplii and adult brine shrimp appeared to become abundant in plankton and benthos. The transit of the ecosystem to a new alternative state occurred. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystems of Inland Saline Waters)
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15 pages, 2393 KiB  
Article
Does Salinity Affect the Distribution of the Artificial Radionuclides 90Sr and 137Cs in Water of the Saline Lakes? A Case of the Crimean Peninsula
by Natalia Mirzoeva, Nickolai Shadrin, Svetlana Arkhipova, Oksana Miroshnichenko, Natalia Kravchenko and Elena Anufriieva
Water 2020, 12(2), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020349 - 26 Jan 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5315
Abstract
In the framework of radioecological monitoring, the features of the distribution of the post-Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) accident artificial radionuclides of 137Cs and 90Sr in the Crimean saline lakes were studied. Samples were collected from 12 Crimean lakes with a [...] Read more.
In the framework of radioecological monitoring, the features of the distribution of the post-Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) accident artificial radionuclides of 137Cs and 90Sr in the Crimean saline lakes were studied. Samples were collected from 12 Crimean lakes with a salinity range from 2 to 400 g/L in 2014–2017. Concentration of 90Sr varied from 5.9 to 313.6 Bq/m3, and 137Cs from 0.8 to 106.7 Bq/m3. Closing of the North Crimean Canal resulted in a decrease in radionuclide concentration in the lakes. About 61% of the total variability of 90Sr and 33% of 137Cs in lake water can be explained by salinity changes. The salinity affects the behavior of radionuclides in water, mainly influencing their solubility, on isotope exchange between the solution and bottom sediments, and also, probably, through its influence on accumulation of isotopes by aquatic organisms. Salinity is not the alone factor determining the behavior of radionuclides in the lakes, it only acts by interacting with other factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollutant/Nutrient Transport and Fate under Changing Hydroclimatic Conditions)
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