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14 pages, 3074 KB

Open AccessArticle

Viability of Veterinary-Relevant Viruses in Decomposing Tissues over a 90-Day Period Using an In-Vitro System

by Ingryd Merchioratto, Cristina Mendes Peter, Akhilesh Ramachandran, Mayara Fernanda Maggioli and Fernando Vicosa Bauermann

Pathogens 2023, 12(9), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091104 - 29 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1530

Abstract

Depopulation is frequently employed during outbreaks of high-impact animal diseases. Security breaches in sites managing mortality may jeopardize pathogen control efforts as infected carcasses can serve as an infection source. This study evaluated the viability and nucleic acid detection of veterinary-relevant viruses or their surrogates in decomposing tissues. The used viruses were: Senecavirus A1 (SVA), feline calicivirus (FCV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), and swinepox virus (SwPV). Viruses were spiked in three decomposing tissues (swine bone marrow and spleen, and bovine bone marrow) and maintained for 90 days. Samples were kept under two temperature conditions resembling the average soil temperature in central Oklahoma, US, during the winter and summer (5.5 °C and 29.4 °C). At 5.5 °C, SVA and FCV remained viable over the 90 days of the study, followed by BVDV (75 days), BoHV-1 and SwPV (60 days), and PEDV (10 days). At 29.4 °C, SVA remained viable for 45 days, followed by BVDV and BoHV-1 (14 days). SwPV was viable for 10 days, whereas FCV and PEDV were viable for 5 days. Overall, viral nucleic acid detection was not significantly altered during the study. These findings support decision-making and risk management in sites overseeing animal mortality. Full article

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12 pages, 3484 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Characterization of Swinepox Virus from Outbreak in Russia

by Andrey Koltsov, Mikhail Sukher, Natalia Kholod, Sanzhi Namsrayn, Sodnom Tsybanov and Galina Koltsova

Animals 2023, 13(11), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111786 - 27 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2898

Abstract

Swinepox virus (SWPV) is the only member of the Suipoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family and is an etiologic agent of a worldwide disease specific for domestic and wild pigs. SWPV outbreaks are sporadically recorded in different regions of Russia. In 2013, an outbreak of the disease causing skin lesions was registered on a pig farm in Russia. The presence of SWPV in the scab samples was assessed by in-house real-time PCR, reference PCR amplification, and nucleotide sequencing of the viral late transcription factor-3 (VLTF-3) gene and was then confirmed by virus isolation. Thus, the in-house real-time PCR proposed in this study could serve as a useful tool for the rapid specific detection of the swinepox virus. In the study, it has been demonstrated for the first time that nasal and oral swabs can be used for PCR diagnosis of the disease and for swinepox virus isolation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolated virus was closely related to SWPV isolates registered in Germany, USA, and Brazil, and slightly differed from the Indian isolates. During experimental infection of pigs, a low pathogenicity of the Russian isolate was observed. Our data provides the first report on the isolation and characterization of swinepox virus in Russia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevalence and Diagnosis of Viral Diseases in Pig Production)

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10 pages, 2813 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Report of Swinepox in a Wild Boar in Italy: Pathologic and Molecular Findings

by Lisa Guardone, Katia Varello, Valeria Listorti, Simone Peletto, Lara Wolfsgruber, Roberto Zoccola, Vittoria Montemurro, Erika Messana, Elena Bozzetta, Pierluigi Acutis, Loretta Masoero and Elisabetta Razzuoli

Pathogens 2023, 12(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12030472 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3330

Abstract

Swinepox virus (SWPV) is responsible for sporadic acute poxvirus infections in swine worldwide, causing a pathognomonic eruptive proliferative dermatitis. Beside direct and congenital transmission, the pig louse Haematopinus suis acts as a mechanical vector and favors virus infection through skin lesions. Infections are generally described in domestic pigs, while only a few cases have been reported in wild boars, in Austria and Germany. In September 2022, SWPV infection was suspected at post-mortem examination of a wild boar piglet with characteristic lesions in Liguria, Northwest Italy. The piglet was heavily parasitized by swine lice (H. suis). SWPV was then confirmed by histological and molecular analyses. Possible viral co-infections were also investigated (African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, parvovirus, circovirus, Aujeszky’s disease virus and hepatitis E virus). This article describes gross and histopathologic features of SWPV infection, differential diagnosis, and potential vector-borne transmission to domestic pigs, presenting a brief review of the literature on the topic. SWPV infection is reported in wild boars in Italy for the first time. The finding of SWPV in a wild boar in an area with a very limited pig population may suggest the existence of a “wildlife cycle” in the area. Further investigations are needed to understand the real risk of transmission of SWPV to domestic pigs as well as the role of other arthropod vectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Pathology and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)

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7 pages, 835 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Prolonged Viability of Senecavirus A in Exposed House Flies (Musca domestica)

by Justin Heath Turner, Willian Pinto Paim, Mayara Fernanda Maggioli, Cristina Mendes Peter, Robert Miknis, Justin Talley and Fernando Vicosa Bauermann

Viruses 2022, 14(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010127 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3525

Abstract

House flies (Musca domestica) are often present in swine farms worldwide. These flies utilize animal secretions and waste as a food source. House flies may harbor and transport microbes and pathogens acting as mechanical vectors for diseases. Senecavirus A (SVA) infection in pigs occurs via oronasal route, and animals shed high virus titers to the environment. Additionally, SVA possesses increased environmental resistance. Due to these reasons, we investigated the tenacity of SVA in house flies. Five groups of flies, each composed of ten females and ten males, were exposed to SVA, titer of 10^9.3 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀/mL). Groups of male and female flies were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure. For comparison purposes, groups of flies were exposed to Swinepox virus (SwPV). Infectious SVA was identified in all tested groups. Successful isolation of SVA demonstrated the titers varied between 10^6.8 and 10^2.8 TCID₅₀/mL in female groups and varied from 10^5.85 to 10^3.8 TCID₅₀/mL in male groups. In contrast, infectious SwPV was only detected in the female group at 6 h. The significant SVA infectious titer for prolonged periods of time, up to 48 h, indicates a potential role of flies in SVA transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Microbes, Infections and Spillovers)

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15 pages, 5887 KB

Open AccessArticle

Swinepox Virus Strains Isolated from Domestic Pigs and Wild Boar in Germany Display Altered Coding Capacity in the Terminal Genome Region Encoding for Species-Specific Genes

by Franziska K. Kaiser, Anastasia Wiedemann, Bianca Kühl, Laura Menke, Andreas Beineke, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Peter Wohlsein, Kerstin Rigbers, Paul Becher, Martin Peters, Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus and Martin Ludlow

Viruses 2021, 13(10), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13102038 - 9 Oct 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5847

Abstract

Swinepox virus (SWPV) is a globally distributed swine pathogen that causes sporadic cases of an acute poxvirus infection in domesticated pigs, characterized by the development of a pathognomonic proliferative dermatitis and secondary ulcerations. More severe disease with higher levels of morbidity and mortality is observed in congenitally SWPV-infected neonatal piglets. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary origins of SWPV strains isolated from domestic pigs and wild boar. Analysis of whole genome sequences of SWPV showed that at least two different virus strains are currently circulating in Germany. These were more closely related to a previously characterized North American SWPV strain than to a more recent Indian SWPV strain and showed a variation in the SWPV-specific genome region. A single nucleotide deletion in the wild boar (wb) SWPV strain leads to the fusion of the SPV019 and SPV020 open reading frames (ORFs) and encodes a new hypothetical 113 aa protein (SPVwb020-019). In addition, the domestic pig (dp) SWPV genome contained a novel ORF downstream of SPVdp020, which encodes a new hypothetical 71aa protein (SPVdp020a). In summary, we show that SWPV strains with altered coding capacity in the SWPV specific genome region are circulating in domestic pig and wild boar populations in Germany. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endemic and Emerging Swine Viruses 2021)

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