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Search Results (4)

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Keywords = simple and multiple sex chromosomes

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15 pages, 1525 KiB  
Article
Cannabis sativa L. Miniature Inverted-Repeat Transposable-Element Landscapes in Wild-Type (JL) and Domesticated Genome (CBDRx)
by Mariana Quiroga, Clara Crociara, Esteban Schenfeld, Franco Daniel Fernández, Juan Crescente, Leonardo Vanzetti and Marcelo Helguera
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020040 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 746
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a globally cultivated plant with significant industrial, nutritional, and medicinal value. Its genome, comprising nine autosomes and sex chromosomes (X and Y), has been extensively studied, particularly in the context of precise breeding for specific enduses. Recent advances have [...] Read more.
Cannabis sativa L. is a globally cultivated plant with significant industrial, nutritional, and medicinal value. Its genome, comprising nine autosomes and sex chromosomes (X and Y), has been extensively studied, particularly in the context of precise breeding for specific enduses. Recent advances have facilitated genome-wide analyses through platforms like the NCBI Comparative Genome Viewer (CGV) and CannabisGDB, among others, enabling comparative studies across multiple Cannabis genotypes. Despite the abundance of genomic data, a particular group of transposable elements, known as miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), remains underexplored in Cannabis. These elements are non-autonomous class II DNA transposons characterized by high copy numbers and insertion preference in non-coding regions, potentially affecting gene expression. In the present study, we report the sequence annotation of MITEs in wild-type and domesticated Cannabis genomes obtained using the MITE Tracker software. We also develop a simple and innovative protocol to identify genome-specific MITE families, offering valuable tools for future research on marker development focused on important genetic variation for breeding in Cannabis sativa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Cannabis sativa: Breeding and Secondary Metabolite Synthesis)
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15 pages, 1627 KiB  
Review
Karyotype Diversification and Chromosome Rearrangements in Squamate Reptiles
by Marcello Mezzasalma, Rachele Macirella, Gaetano Odierna and Elvira Brunelli
Genes 2024, 15(3), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15030371 - 18 Mar 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3034
Abstract
Karyotype diversification represents an important, yet poorly understood, driver of evolution. Squamate reptiles are characterized by a high taxonomic diversity which is reflected at the karyotype level in terms of general structure, chromosome number and morphology, and insurgence of differentiated simple or multiple-sex-chromosome [...] Read more.
Karyotype diversification represents an important, yet poorly understood, driver of evolution. Squamate reptiles are characterized by a high taxonomic diversity which is reflected at the karyotype level in terms of general structure, chromosome number and morphology, and insurgence of differentiated simple or multiple-sex-chromosome systems with either male or female heterogamety. The potential of squamate reptiles as unique model organisms in evolutionary cytogenetics has been recognised in recent years in several studies, which have provided novel insights into the chromosome evolutionary dynamics of different taxonomic groups. Here, we review and summarize the resulting complex, but promising, general picture from a systematic perspective, mapping some of the main squamate karyological characteristics onto their phylogenetic relationships. We highlight how all the major categories of balanced chromosome rearrangements contributed to the karyotype evolution in different taxonomic groups. We show that distinct karyotype evolutionary trends may occur, and coexist, with different frequencies in different clades. Finally, in light of the known squamate chromosome diversity and recent research advances, we discuss traditional and novel hypotheses on karyotype evolution and propose a scenario of circular karyotype evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cytogenomics)
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20 pages, 2614 KiB  
Review
Lizards as Model Organisms of Sex Chromosome Evolution: What We Really Know from a Systematic Distribution of Available Data?
by Marcello Mezzasalma, Fabio M. Guarino and Gaetano Odierna
Genes 2021, 12(9), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12091341 - 28 Aug 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5532
Abstract
Lizards represent unique model organisms in the study of sex determination and sex chromosome evolution. Among tetrapods, they are characterized by an unparalleled diversity of sex determination systems, including temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) and genetic sex determination (GSD) under either male or female [...] Read more.
Lizards represent unique model organisms in the study of sex determination and sex chromosome evolution. Among tetrapods, they are characterized by an unparalleled diversity of sex determination systems, including temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) and genetic sex determination (GSD) under either male or female heterogamety. Sex chromosome systems are also extremely variable in lizards. They include simple (XY and ZW) and multiple (X1X2Y and Z1Z2W) sex chromosome systems and encompass all the different hypothesized stages of diversification of heterogametic chromosomes, from homomorphic to heteromorphic and completely heterochromatic sex chromosomes. The co-occurrence of TSD, GSD and different sex chromosome systems also characterizes different lizard taxa, which represent ideal models to study the emergence and the evolutionary drivers of sex reversal and sex chromosome turnover. In this review, we present a synthesis of general genome and karyotype features of non-snakes squamates and discuss the main theories and evidences on the evolution and diversification of their different sex determination and sex chromosome systems. We here provide a systematic assessment of the available data on lizard sex chromosome systems and an overview of the main cytogenetic and molecular methods used for their identification, using a qualitative and quantitative approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sex Chromosome Evolution and Meiosis)
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14 pages, 3434 KiB  
Review
Chromosomal Evolution in Lower Vertebrates: Sex Chromosomes in Neotropical Fishes
by Marcelo de Bello Cioffi, Cassia Fernanda Yano, Alexandr Sember and Luiz Antônio Carlos Bertollo
Genes 2017, 8(10), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes8100258 - 5 Oct 2017
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7408
Abstract
Abstract: Fishes exhibit the greatest diversity of species among vertebrates, offering a number of relevant models for genetic and evolutionary studies. The investigation of sex chromosome differentiation is a very active and striking research area of fish cytogenetics, as fishes represent one [...] Read more.
Abstract: Fishes exhibit the greatest diversity of species among vertebrates, offering a number of relevant models for genetic and evolutionary studies. The investigation of sex chromosome differentiation is a very active and striking research area of fish cytogenetics, as fishes represent one of the most vital model groups. Neotropical fish species show an amazing variety of sex chromosome systems, where different stages of differentiation can be found, ranging from homomorphic to highly differentiated sex chromosomes. Here, we draw attention on the impact of recent developments in molecular cytogenetic analyses that helped to elucidate many unknown questions about fish sex chromosome evolution, using excellent characiform models occurring in the Neotropical region, namely the Erythrinidae family and the Triportheus genus. While in Erythrinidae distinct XY and/or multiple XY-derived sex chromosome systems have independently evolved at least four different times, representatives of Triportheus show an opposite scenario, i.e., highly conserved ZZ/ZW system with a monophyletic origin. In both cases, recent molecular approaches, such as mapping of repetitive DNA classes, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and whole chromosome painting (WCP), allowed us to unmask several new features linked to the molecular composition and differentiation processes of sex chromosomes in fishes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chromosomal Evolution)
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