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Keywords = rubberised bitumen

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23 pages, 754 KiB  
Review
Potential Additives in Natural Rubber-Modified Bitumen: A Review
by Nurul Farhana Rohayzi, Herda Yati Binti Katman, Mohd Rasdan Ibrahim, Shuhairy Norhisham and Noorhazlinda Abd Rahman
Polymers 2023, 15(8), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15081951 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5082
Abstract
Conventional bitumen pavement is no longer suitable for handling increasing loads and weather variations, which cause road deterioration, Thus, the modification of bitumen has been suggested to counter this issue. This study provides a detailed assessment of various additives for modifying natural rubber-modified [...] Read more.
Conventional bitumen pavement is no longer suitable for handling increasing loads and weather variations, which cause road deterioration, Thus, the modification of bitumen has been suggested to counter this issue. This study provides a detailed assessment of various additives for modifying natural rubber-modified bitumen used in road construction. This work will focus on the use of additives with cup lump natural rubber (CLNR), which has recently started to gain attention among researchers, especially in rubber-producing countries such as Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Furthermore, this paper aims to briefly review how the addition of additives or modifiers helps elevate the performance of bitumen by highlighting the significant properties of modified bitumen after the addition of modifiers. Moreover, the amount and method of application of each additive are discussed further to obtain the optimum value for future implementation. On the basis of past studies, this paper will review the utilisation of several types of additives, including polyphosphoric acid, Evotherm, mangosteen powder, trimethyl-quinoline and sulphur, and the application of xylene and toluene to ensure the homogeneity of the rubberised bitumen. Numerous studies were conducted to verify the performance of various types and compositions of additives, particularly in terms of physical and rheological properties. In general, additives enhance the properties of conventional bitumen. Future research should investigate CLNR because studies on its utilisation are limited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Processing and Engineering)
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17 pages, 4823 KiB  
Article
Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on the Mechanical Properties of Highly Rubberised Asphalt Mixtures Made with Warm and Cold Asphalt Binders
by Christina Makoundou and Cesare Sangiorgi
Materials 2022, 15(7), 2701; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072701 - 6 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2671
Abstract
The present study has been developed to investigate the effect of freeze and thaw (F–T) cycles on the characteristics of highly rubberised asphalt materials to be used as impact-absorbing pavement (IAP) in urban road infrastructures. The tested samples were produced in the laboratory [...] Read more.
The present study has been developed to investigate the effect of freeze and thaw (F–T) cycles on the characteristics of highly rubberised asphalt materials to be used as impact-absorbing pavement (IAP) in urban road infrastructures. The tested samples were produced in the laboratory following the dry process incorporation. Two main types of crumb rubber particles in the range of 0–4 mm were used. Moreover, two types of binders, one warm and one cold, were utilised to prove the feasibility of cold-produced admixtures. The temperature range of the F–T procedure was comprised between −18 ± 2 °C (dry freezing), and 4 ± 2 °C (in water), and the cycles were repeated, on the samples, 10 times. At 0, 1, 5, and 10 cycles, the samples were tested with non-destructive and destructive testing methods, including air voids content, ITSM, ITS, and Cantabro loss. The waters of the thawing period were collected, and the pH, electric conductivity, and particle loss were measured. A consequent change in mechanical behaviour has been recorded between warm and cold produced samples. However, the tests found that the F–T cycles had limited influence on the deterioration of the highly rubberised samples. The loss of particles in the thaw waters were identified as being potentially caused by the temperature stresses. The research suggested various ways to optimise the material to enhance the cold-produced layer mechanical performances, aiming at a fume and smell-free industrialised solution and reducing the potential leaching and particle losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Asphalt Pavements)
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24 pages, 7208 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Rubberised Bitumen from Reactive and Non-Reactive Ethylene Copolymers
by Simona Senise, Virginia Carrera, Antonio Abad Cuadri, Francisco Javier Navarro and Pedro Partal
Polymers 2019, 11(12), 1974; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11121974 - 30 Nov 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3172
Abstract
Hybrid modification is a relatively new concept of incorporating two or more polymeric modifiers of different nature to a bitumen, in order to take advantage of their complementary features. Aiming to this, in this paper, the so-called Hybrid Systems (HSs) were prepared by [...] Read more.
Hybrid modification is a relatively new concept of incorporating two or more polymeric modifiers of different nature to a bitumen, in order to take advantage of their complementary features. Aiming to this, in this paper, the so-called Hybrid Systems (HSs) were prepared by the addition of an ethylene-based copolymer (reactive or non-reactive) to a model rubberised binder (Crumb Tyre Rubber Modified Bitumen). The resulting binders (referred to as reactive and non-reactivate HSs, depending on copolymer used) were evaluated by means of thermorheological analysis, technological characterisation, fluorescence microscopy and modulated differential scanning calorimetry. From the experimental results, it may be deduced a positive synergistic effect of non-dissolved Crumb Tyre Rubber (CTR) particles and a second polymeric phase that not only improves the in-service performance but also the high-temperature storage stability. This enhancement is attributed to the development of a multiphasic system composed of non-dissolved CTR particles, a polymer-rich phase and an asphaltene-rich phase. In the case of non-reactive HSs, droplets of swollen ethylene copolymer form a well-defined dispersed phase. By contrast, reactive HSs display a different morphology, almost invisible by optical microscopy, related to the development of a chemical network that yields, by far, the highest degree of modification. Full article
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9 pages, 3047 KiB  
Article
Fatigue and Healing Properties of Low Environmental Impact Rubberized Bitumen for Asphalt Pavement
by Ayad Subhy and Davide Lo Presti
Coatings 2017, 7(5), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings7050066 - 5 May 2017
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7181
Abstract
The addition of recycled tyre rubber as a modifier to enhance the mechanical properties of bitumen has proven to provide asphalt mixtures with better mechanical performance. However the rubberised bitumen presents the limitation of requiring higher manufacturing and compaction temperatures. This could be [...] Read more.
The addition of recycled tyre rubber as a modifier to enhance the mechanical properties of bitumen has proven to provide asphalt mixtures with better mechanical performance. However the rubberised bitumen presents the limitation of requiring higher manufacturing and compaction temperatures. This could be solved by subjecting the tyre rubber to sort of pre-treatments such as: Adding warm-mix additives and/or using partial devulcanisation. These solutions have the potential of lowering the overall environmental impact of the asphalt pavement, however it is still not clear whether these can be detrimental for the rubberized asphalt binder mechanical properties. This paper investigates the effect on fatigue and healing properties of rubberized bitumen blended with pre-treated crumb rubber. An innovative combined fatigue and healing analysis will be presented and used to compare the several rubberised binders with a neat bitumen. The analysis consists in conducting time sweep tests by means of dynamic shear rheometer, by applying repeated cycles of stress or strain loading at selected temperatures and loading frequency. The healing potential of binders was evaluated by introducing short rest periods after a certain number of load pulses. At last, the unique energy parameter obtained using the Ratio of Dissipated Energy Change approach, was applied to obtain a unique index that could provide combined information for both fatigue binder damage and healing phenomenon. The results showed that the analysed rubberised bitumens show having better fatigue and healing performance when compared to the straight-run bitumen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Environmental Impact Coatings for Road Pavements)
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