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Keywords = racial harassment

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17 pages, 974 KiB  
Article
A School Mental Health Provider Like Me: Links Between Peer Racial Harassment, Depressive Symptoms, and Race-Matched School Counselors and Psychologists
by Sean Darling-Hammond and Cindy Le
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(4), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040553 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 547
Abstract
Legal scholarship and caselaw suggest that exposure to peer racial harassment in school (PRHS) harms student mental health and can derail students’ academic trajectories. Legal precedents call on schools to intervene to reduce student exposure to PRHS when feasible. However, little quantitative social [...] Read more.
Legal scholarship and caselaw suggest that exposure to peer racial harassment in school (PRHS) harms student mental health and can derail students’ academic trajectories. Legal precedents call on schools to intervene to reduce student exposure to PRHS when feasible. However, little quantitative social science has explored the impacts of PRHS, explored whether exposure to PRHS varies by racial group, or identified structural factors that may protect against PRHS. We review data from over 350,000 California 6th–12th-grade students in nearly 1000 schools and estimate that exposure to PRHS is related to a twenty-percentage-point-higher depressive symptom rate for students of all racial groups, that Black students are significantly more likely to experience PRHS, that being in a school with a race-matched school counselor or psychologist is related to lower rates of both PRHS and depressive symptoms, but that White students are more likely than students of other backgrounds to be in a school where the mental health workforce reflects their racial background. The results suggest a need to reduce exposure to PRHS, particularly for Black students, and that expanding the diversity of school mental health providers could be a pathway to protecting students against PRHS and its attendant harms. Full article
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21 pages, 593 KiB  
Article
Racism and Mental Health: Examining the Psychological Toll of Anti-Asian Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Secil E. Ertorer
Genealogy 2024, 8(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8030098 - 2 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3565
Abstract
The current study examines the links between anxiety and depression symptoms and COVID-19-related racism amongst Asian Americans living in western New York, United States. Based on the findings of survey data (n = 333) and in corroboration with minority stress theory, all [...] Read more.
The current study examines the links between anxiety and depression symptoms and COVID-19-related racism amongst Asian Americans living in western New York, United States. Based on the findings of survey data (n = 333) and in corroboration with minority stress theory, all forms of racism are positively correlated with anxiety and depression levels. There are differences across different forms of racism. Experiences of avoidance and verbal harassment are primarily linked to increased levels of anxiety, while encountering discrimination in business and social settings is more likely to contribute to depression. Indirect discrimination and stigma consciousness tend to heighten anxiety more than depression. Moreover, individuals who are native-born and female tend to report worse mental health outcomes than those who are foreign-born Asians or males. There is a contrasting relationship with income, where higher earnings are linked to reduced depression but can correlate with more significant anxiety. The study findings reveal that COVID-19-related racism may lead to stigma consciousness, race- and racism-based stress, anxiety, and depression. The study contributes to the literature by connecting theories on mental health effects of racism, as well as by distinguishing the links between different forms and intensities of racism and mental well-being, rather than treating all racism as uniform. Considering the detrimental effects on mental health, public policies must confront and address racial prejudice and discrimination that individuals from marginalized communities encounter, particularly during times of crisis. Full article
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21 pages, 606 KiB  
Systematic Review
Racism, Discrimination, and Harassment in Medical Schools in the UK: A Scoping Review
by Alexander Montasem, Teuta Gjuladin-Hellon, Hassan Awan, Brian Aine, Julian Whyte, Norah Alqadah and Chukwuemeka Ibeachu
Genealogy 2023, 7(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy7020032 - 5 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4757
Abstract
Background: Discrimination, racism, harassment, stereotyping, and bullying are a significant issue for medical students as they create a hostile environment with detrimental effect on student wellbeing and educational experience. Findings suggest that though prevalent, reporting of these experiences is rare and perceived as [...] Read more.
Background: Discrimination, racism, harassment, stereotyping, and bullying are a significant issue for medical students as they create a hostile environment with detrimental effect on student wellbeing and educational experience. Findings suggest that though prevalent, reporting of these experiences is rare and perceived as ineffective. Objectives: This scoping review aims to map the trends, types, and nature of discrimination, harassment, bullying, stereotyping, intimidation, and racism reports in undergraduate medical education in the UK since 2010 and to determine areas of focus for undertaking full systematic reviews in the future. Method: A search was conducted using the MEDLINE, AHMED, CINHL, and EMBASE electronic databases from 2010 up to February 2022 in English. Only primary research papers (e.g., cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, and case series) that report the words/phrases discrimination (including gender and racial), harassment (including verbal, sexual, academic, and physical), bullying, stereotype, intimidation, and racism within medical education in the UK after 2010, following the Equity Act 2010, were eligible for inclusion. Results: Five relevant articles relating to discrimination, harassment, bullying, stereotyping, intimidation, and racism in medical schools in the UK were included. Three themes were identified across these studies. Conclusions: The data suggest that there is a high prevalence rate of discrimination, harassment, and stereotyping being experienced by ethnic minority undergraduate medical students in the UK. There is underreporting due to perceived and structural barriers. The identified studies suggest that less progress has been made in these areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Race, Place and Justice)
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10 pages, 335 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bullying and Sexual and Racial Harassment in Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italy
by Giuseppe La Torre, Alberto Firenze, Corrado Colaprico, Eleonora Ricci, Luciano Pio Di Gioia, Dorotea Serò, Giuseppe Perri, Manuela Soncin, Dario Cremonesi, Nadia De Camillis, Sara Guidolin, Giulia Evangelista, Mattia Marte, Nicola Giovanni Fedele, Simone De Sio, Alice Mannocci, Sabina Sernia and Silvio Brusaferro
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6938; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116938 - 6 Jun 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4537
Abstract
Background: This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with workplace bullying, sexual harassment and racial harassment among Italian health workers. Methods: We recruited 3129 participants using an online Italian translation of the ‘Workplace Violence in the Health Sector [...] Read more.
Background: This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with workplace bullying, sexual harassment and racial harassment among Italian health workers. Methods: We recruited 3129 participants using an online Italian translation of the ‘Workplace Violence in the Health Sector Country Case Studies Research Instruments Survey’ (WVHS) questionnaire. Data were analyzed with univariate (chi-square) and multivariate (multiple logistic regression) analysis. Results: Univariate analysis shows that females are significantly more affected by bullying (16.4% vs. 12.3%) and sexual harassment (2.4% vs. 1.3%). On the other hand, males are significantly more affected by racial harassment (3.1% vs. 2.0%). Multivariate analysis shows higher odds of being affected by bullying (OR = 1.30; 95% CI (1.03, 1.64)) and sexual harassment (OR = 2.08; 95% CI (1.04, 4.00)) for females, and higher odds of undergoing racial harassment (OR = 1.55; 95% CI (0.95, 2.53)) for males. Conclusion: This analysis of work situations looks to identify those risk factors, existing or potential, that increase the probability of episodes of violence. A group of work or other subjects identified by direction will have to evaluate the vulnerability of workplaces and establish more effective preventive actions to be adopted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology of Occupational Health)
27 pages, 475 KiB  
Article
Stonewalling in the Brick City: Perceptions of and Experiences with Seeking Police Assistance among LGBTQ Citizens
by Danielle M. Shields
Soc. Sci. 2021, 10(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010016 - 11 Jan 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8064
Abstract
Extant research has documented police interactions between racial and ethnic minority populations, including negative perceptions of and experiences with the police; police corruption and misconduct; and the deleterious effects of negative relationships with the police, such as reduced legitimacy and mistrust. Comparatively, exchanges [...] Read more.
Extant research has documented police interactions between racial and ethnic minority populations, including negative perceptions of and experiences with the police; police corruption and misconduct; and the deleterious effects of negative relationships with the police, such as reduced legitimacy and mistrust. Comparatively, exchanges between lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ) populations and the police have received limited attention. This is despite work suggesting that LGBTQ citizens face an elevated risk of victimization, and a possible reticence in reporting their victimization, resulting from negative perceptions of police, fear of mistreatment, or even experiences of harassment and abuse by police. To extend the research in this area, I analyze 12 focus groups with LGBTQ participants (N = 98) in an urban setting to examine the circumstances in which LGBTQ people would seek assistance from the police, when they would avoid doing so, and their justifications for avoiding or contacting the police. I also considered intersectionality in shaping police–citizen interactions between sexual and/or gender minority citizens of color, as the sample was almost exclusively LGBTQ persons of color. I conclude by discussing implications for policing practices and policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Policing Vulnerable People: Police Practice, Policy, and Engagement)
15 pages, 307 KiB  
Article
Sex Workers’ Access to Police Assistance in Safety Emergencies and Means of Escape from Situations of Violence and Confinement under an “End Demand” Criminalization Model: A Five City Study in Canada
by Anna-Louise Crago, Chris Bruckert, Melissa Braschel and Kate Shannon
Soc. Sci. 2021, 10(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10010013 - 7 Jan 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 11762
Abstract
There is limited available evidence on sex workers (SW) ability to access police protection or means of escaping situations of violence and confinement under an “end demand” criminalization model. Of 200 SW in five cities in Canada, 62 (31.0%) reported being unable to [...] Read more.
There is limited available evidence on sex workers (SW) ability to access police protection or means of escaping situations of violence and confinement under an “end demand” criminalization model. Of 200 SW in five cities in Canada, 62 (31.0%) reported being unable to call 911 if they or another SW were in a safety emergency due to fear of police detection (of themselves, their colleagues or their management). In multivariate logistic regression, police harassment–linked to social and racial profiling in the past 12 months (being carded or asked for ID documents, followed by police or detained without arrest) (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR): 5.225, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.199–12.417), being Indigenous (AOR: 2.078, 95% CI: 0.849–5.084) or being in Ottawa (AOR: 2.317, 95% CI: 0.865–6.209) were associated with higher odds of being unable to call 911, while older age was associated with lower odds (AOR: 0.941 per year older, 95% CI: 0.901–0.982). In descriptive statistics, of 115 SW who had experienced violence or confinement at work in the past 12 months, 19 (16.52%) reported the incident to police. Other sex workers with shared expenses were the most commonly reported group to have assisted sex workers to escape situations of violence or confinement in the past 12 months (n = 13, 35.14%). One of the least commonly reported groups to have assisted sex workers to escape situations of violence or confinement in the past 12 months were police (n = 2, 5.41%). The findings of this study illustrate how the current “end demand” criminalization framework compromises sex workers’ access to assistance in safety emergencies. Full article
13 pages, 2565 KiB  
Article
Bullying among Teens: Are Ethnicity and Race Risk Factors for Victimization? A Bibliometric Research
by Arturo Fuentes Cabrera, Antonio José Moreno Guerrero, José Santiago Pozo Sánchez and Antonio-Manuel Rodríguez-García
Educ. Sci. 2019, 9(3), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9030220 - 20 Aug 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 9673
Abstract
Bullying is a problematic situation that negatively affects thousands of children and adolescents in today’s world. The multicultural society resulting from globalization has caused different reactions throughout society. In the school context, some authors indicate that ethnicity and race are risk factors for [...] Read more.
Bullying is a problematic situation that negatively affects thousands of children and adolescents in today’s world. The multicultural society resulting from globalization has caused different reactions throughout society. In the school context, some authors indicate that ethnicity and race are risk factors for being victims of bullying. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to analyze the scientific production on racial or ethnic bullying with the greatest impact at present, considering nine variables: Publication date, authors, organizations, countries, journals, type of document, area of research, language, and reference with more impact (cites). We conducted a bibliometric study through systematic review, documentary quantification, and data visualization techniques. We analyzed 831 documents, with a notable increase in recent years (2011–2019), highlighting the production from Dewey Cornell (University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA). On the other hand, the results showed that ethnic identity constitutes a differential factor in harassment appearing, accompanied by very poor socio-economic and cultural levels favoring depressive tendencies and drug consumption in the ethnic harassed. In short, bullying has a negative impact both physically and psychologically on the victims. For this reason, we must continue to work from the school context to eradicate the situation that is affecting more and more people. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intercultural Education)
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15 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
Workplace Violence toward Physicians and Nurses: Prevalence and Correlates in Macau
by Teris Cheung, Paul H. Lee and Paul S. F. Yip
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(8), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080879 - 4 Aug 2017
Cited by 87 | Viewed by 9835
Abstract
This paper sets out to estimate the prevalence of workplace violence in relation to socio-demographic characteristics of physicians and nurses working in healthcare settings in Macau. Background: Concerted efforts worldwide to reduce workplace violence (WPV) have not yet removed medical-related professionals from [...] Read more.
This paper sets out to estimate the prevalence of workplace violence in relation to socio-demographic characteristics of physicians and nurses working in healthcare settings in Macau. Background: Concerted efforts worldwide to reduce workplace violence (WPV) have not yet removed medical-related professionals from the threat of patients’, family members’, and colleagues’ physical and other assaults in Southeast Asia. Methods: The study employs a cross-sectional design to estimate the prevalence and examines the socio-economic and psychological correlates of WPV among medical doctors and nurses in Macau. The data collection period spanned from August to December 2014. Multiple logistic regression examines the prevalence rates of WPV and its associated factors in doctors and nurses. Results: A total of 107 doctors (14.9%) and 613 nurses (85.1%) participated in the study; 57.2% had suffered WPV in the preceding year. The most common forms of workplace violence were verbal abuse (53.4%), physical assault (16.1%), bullying/harassment (14.2%), sexual harassment (4.6%), and racial harassment (2.6%). Most violence was perpetrated by patients and their relatives, colleagues, and supervisors. Conclusions: WPV remains a significant concern in healthcare settings in Macau. Macau’s local health authority should consider putting in place a raft of zero-tolerance policies designed to prevent it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Occupational Safety and Health)
10 pages, 188 KiB  
Article
Incidence and Risk Factors of Workplace Violence on Nursing Staffs Caring for Chronic Psychiatric Patients in Taiwan
by Wen-Ching Chen, Yu-Hua Sun, Tsuo-Hung Lan and Hsien-Jane Chiu
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6(11), 2812-2821; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6112812 - 12 Nov 2009
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 13847
Abstract
This one-year follow-up study determined the incidence and risk factors of workplace violence against nursing staff in a psychiatric hospital. The cohort members had a website to report events whenever they came across violence. A total of 971 events were reported. The incidence [...] Read more.
This one-year follow-up study determined the incidence and risk factors of workplace violence against nursing staff in a psychiatric hospital. The cohort members had a website to report events whenever they came across violence. A total of 971 events were reported. The incidence rates of physical violence, verbal abuse, bullying/mobbing, sexual harassment, and racial harassment were 1.7, 3.7, 0.2, 0.3, and 0 per staff-year, respectively. Young age, female sex, lower education, shorter duration of employment, and high level of anxiety of staff seemed to be the determinants of violence. Pre-placement education should focus on these staff to reduce workplace violence. Full article
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