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Search Results (5)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = primary hereditary microcephaly

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18 pages, 395 KiB  
Review
Congenital Microcephaly: A Debate on Diagnostic Challenges and Etiological Paradigm of the Shift from Isolated/Non-Syndromic to Syndromic Microcephaly
by Maria Asif, Uzma Abdullah, Peter Nürnberg, Sigrid Tinschert and Muhammad Sajid Hussain
Cells 2023, 12(4), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12040642 - 16 Feb 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3595
Abstract
Congenital microcephaly (CM) exhibits broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity and is thus categorized into several subtypes. However, the recent bloom of disease–gene discoveries has revealed more overlaps than differences in the underlying genetic architecture for these clinical sub-categories, complicating the differential diagnosis. Moreover, [...] Read more.
Congenital microcephaly (CM) exhibits broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity and is thus categorized into several subtypes. However, the recent bloom of disease–gene discoveries has revealed more overlaps than differences in the underlying genetic architecture for these clinical sub-categories, complicating the differential diagnosis. Moreover, the mechanism of the paradigm shift from a brain-restricted to a multi-organ phenotype is only vaguely understood. This review article highlights the critical factors considered while defining CM subtypes. It also presents possible arguments on long-standing questions of the brain-specific nature of CM caused by a dysfunction of the ubiquitously expressed proteins. We argue that brain-specific splicing events and organ-restricted protein expression may contribute in part to disparate clinical manifestations. We also highlight the role of genetic modifiers and de novo variants in the multi-organ phenotype of CM and emphasize their consideration in molecular characterization. This review thus attempts to expand our understanding of the phenotypic and etiological variability in CM and invites the development of more comprehensive guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular Mechanisms of Microcephaly)
14 pages, 3431 KiB  
Case Report
MCPH1: A Novel Case Report and a Review of the Literature
by Stefano Giuseppe Caraffi, Marzia Pollazzon, Muhammad Farooq, Ambrin Fatima, Lars Allan Larsen, Roberta Zuntini, Manuela Napoli and Livia Garavelli
Genes 2022, 13(4), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13040634 - 2 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3596
Abstract
Microcephaly primary hereditary (MCPH) is a congenital disease characterized by nonsyndromic reduction in brain size due to impaired neurogenesis, often associated with a variable degree of intellectual disability (ID). The genetic etiology of MCPH is heterogeneous and comprises more than 20 loci, nearly [...] Read more.
Microcephaly primary hereditary (MCPH) is a congenital disease characterized by nonsyndromic reduction in brain size due to impaired neurogenesis, often associated with a variable degree of intellectual disability (ID). The genetic etiology of MCPH is heterogeneous and comprises more than 20 loci, nearly all following a recessive inheritance pattern. The first causative gene identified, MCPH1 or Microcephalin, encodes a centrosomal protein that modulates chromosome condensation and cell cycle progression. It is also involved in DNA damage response and telomere maintenance in the nucleus. Despite numerous studies on MCPH1 function, MCPH1-affected individuals are rare and the available clinical reports are not sufficient to define the natural history of the disease. Here, we present a novel patient with congenital microcephaly, ID, language delay, short stature, and other minor features such as strabismus. magnetic resonance imaging revealed ventriculomegaly, simplified gyral pattern in the frontal lobes, and a neuronal migration defect. Genetic testing detected a homozygous deletion of exons 1–8 of MCPH1. We compare the patients’ characteristics with a list of features from MCPH1 cases described in the literature, in an effort to provide additional clues for a comprehensive definition of disease presentation and evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Study on Genotypes and Phenotypes of Pediatric Clinical Rare Diseases)
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9 pages, 8533 KiB  
Article
Large Phenotypic Variation of Individuals from a Family with a Novel ASPM Mutation Associated with Microcephaly, Epilepsy, and Behavioral and Cognitive Deficits
by Randi von Wrede, Martin Schidlowski, Hans-Jürgen Huppertz, Theodor Rüber, Anja Ivo, Tobias Baumgartner, Kerstin Hallmann, Gábor Zsurka, Christoph Helmstaedter, Rainer Surges and Wolfram S. Kunz
Genes 2022, 13(3), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13030429 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2690
Abstract
Here, we report a consanguineous family harboring a novel homozygous frame-shift mutation in ASPM leading to a truncation of the ASPM protein after amino acid position 1830. The phenotype of the patients was associated with microcephaly, epilepsy, and behavioral and cognitive deficits. Despite [...] Read more.
Here, we report a consanguineous family harboring a novel homozygous frame-shift mutation in ASPM leading to a truncation of the ASPM protein after amino acid position 1830. The phenotype of the patients was associated with microcephaly, epilepsy, and behavioral and cognitive deficits. Despite the obvious genetic similarity, the affected patients show a considerable phenotypic heterogeneity regarding the degree of mental retardation, presence of epilepsy and MRI findings. Interestingly, the degree of mental retardation and the presence of epilepsy correlates well with the severity of abnormalities detected in brain MRI. On the other hand, we detected no evidence for substantial nonsense-mediated ASPM transcript decay in blood samples. This indicates that other factors than ASPM expression levels are relevant for the variability of structural changes in brain morphology seen in patients with primary hereditary microcephaly caused by ASPM mutations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases)
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18 pages, 1654 KiB  
Article
Modifier Genes in Microcephaly: A Report on WDR62, CEP63, RAD50 and PCNT Variants Exacerbating Disease Caused by Biallelic Mutations of ASPM and CENPJ
by Ehtisham Ul Haq Makhdoom, Syeda Seema Waseem, Maria Iqbal, Uzma Abdullah, Ghulam Hussain, Maria Asif, Birgit Budde, Wolfgang Höhne, Sigrid Tinschert, Saadia Maryam Saadi, Hammad Yousaf, Zafar Ali, Ambrin Fatima, Emrah Kaygusuz, Ayaz Khan, Muhammad Jameel, Sheraz Khan, Muhammad Tariq, Iram Anjum, Janine Altmüller, Holger Thiele, Stefan Höning, Shahid Mahmood Baig, Peter Nürnberg and Muhammad Sajid Hussainadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Genes 2021, 12(5), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12050731 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5264
Abstract
Congenital microcephaly is the clinical presentation of significantly reduced head circumference at birth. It manifests as both non-syndromic—microcephaly primary hereditary (MCPH)—and syndromic forms and shows considerable inter- and intrafamilial variability. It has been hypothesized that additional genetic variants may be responsible for this [...] Read more.
Congenital microcephaly is the clinical presentation of significantly reduced head circumference at birth. It manifests as both non-syndromic—microcephaly primary hereditary (MCPH)—and syndromic forms and shows considerable inter- and intrafamilial variability. It has been hypothesized that additional genetic variants may be responsible for this variability, but data are sparse. We have conducted deep phenotyping and genotyping of five Pakistani multiplex families with either MCPH (n = 3) or Seckel syndrome (n = 2). In addition to homozygous causal variants in ASPM or CENPJ, we discovered additional heterozygous modifier variants in WDR62, CEP63, RAD50 and PCNT—genes already known to be associated with neurological disorders. MCPH patients carrying an additional heterozygous modifier variant showed more severe phenotypic features. Likewise, the phenotype of Seckel syndrome caused by a novel CENPJ variant was aggravated to microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII) in conjunction with an additional PCNT variant. We show that the CENPJ missense variant impairs splicing and decreases protein expression. We also observed centrosome amplification errors in patient cells, which were twofold higher in MOPDII as compared to Seckel cells. Taken together, these observations advocate for consideration of additional variants in related genes for their role in modifying the expressivity of the phenotype and need to be considered in genetic counseling and risk assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics of Primary Microcephaly and Intellectual Disability)
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20 pages, 414 KiB  
Review
Molecular Genetics of Microcephaly Primary Hereditary: An Overview
by Nikistratos Siskos, Electra Stylianopoulou, Georgios Skavdis and Maria E. Grigoriou
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(5), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050581 - 30 Apr 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5950
Abstract
MicroCephaly Primary Hereditary (MCPH) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a significant reduction of the occipitofrontal head circumference and mild to moderate mental disability. Patients have small brains, though with overall normal architecture; therefore, studying MCPH can reveal not only the [...] Read more.
MicroCephaly Primary Hereditary (MCPH) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a significant reduction of the occipitofrontal head circumference and mild to moderate mental disability. Patients have small brains, though with overall normal architecture; therefore, studying MCPH can reveal not only the pathological mechanisms leading to this condition, but also the mechanisms operating during normal development. MCPH is genetically heterogeneous, with 27 genes listed so far in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. In this review, we discuss the role of MCPH proteins and delineate the molecular mechanisms and common pathways in which they participate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontier Research in the Study of Risk Factors for Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
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