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Keywords = polypore fungi

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13 pages, 5546 KiB  
Review
Investigating the Potential of Polypore Fungi as Eco-Friendly Materials in Food Industry Applications
by Tomasz Pawłowicz, Karolina Anna Gabrysiak and Konrad Wilamowski
Forests 2024, 15(7), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15071230 - 15 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1890
Abstract
Polyporoid fungi represent an untapped resource in the ancillary use of forests, traditionally utilized in both historic and contemporary medicine for their diverse bioactive properties, yet their potential for creating materials within the food industry remains largely unexplored. This article delves into the [...] Read more.
Polyporoid fungi represent an untapped resource in the ancillary use of forests, traditionally utilized in both historic and contemporary medicine for their diverse bioactive properties, yet their potential for creating materials within the food industry remains largely unexplored. This article delves into the polyporoid fungi as a promising, yet underutilized, biomaterial resource for eco-friendly applications in the food sector. Despite their widespread use in traditional and modern medicine, the exploration of these fungi for industrial applications, particularly in food storage solutions and utensils, is in its nascent stages. The Białowieża Primeval Forest, characterized by its abundant deadwood and minimal human intervention, offers a rich repository of polyporoid fungi. This study aims to illuminate the ecological significance and potential industrial applications of polyporoid fungi. By reviewing existing research and synthesizing insights into the genetic diversity, biochemical capabilities, and ecological roles of polyporoid species such as Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, and Trametes versicolor, this article proposes a novel approach to leveraging polyporoid fungi in developing sustainable solutions that meet current environmental and health-conscious trends. The investigation not only underscores the potential of polyporoid fungi in advancing green technologies but also highlights the importance of utilizing renewable resources in material science, fostering a shift towards more sustainable industrial practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-timber Forest Products: Beyond the Wood)
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23 pages, 6034 KiB  
Article
Bioprospecting of Selected Species of Polypore Fungi from the Western Balkans
by Maja Kozarski, Anita Klaus, Bojana Špirović-Trifunović, Srdjan Miletić, Vesna Lazić, Željko Žižak and Jovana Vunduk
Molecules 2024, 29(2), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020314 - 8 Jan 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2532
Abstract
Growing mushrooms means meeting challenges while aiming for sustainability and circularity. Wherever the producer is located, commercial strains are the same originating from several producers. Customized strains adapted to local conditions are urgently needed. Before introducing new species to the strain development pipeline, [...] Read more.
Growing mushrooms means meeting challenges while aiming for sustainability and circularity. Wherever the producer is located, commercial strains are the same originating from several producers. Customized strains adapted to local conditions are urgently needed. Before introducing new species to the strain development pipeline, the chemical characterization and biological activity of wild ones need to be assessed. Accordingly, the mycoceutical potential of five polypore mushroom species from Serbia was evaluated including: secondary metabolite composition, oxidative damage prevention, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The phenolic pattern was comparable in all samples, but the amounts of specific chemicals varied. Hydroxybenzoic acids were the primary components. All samples had varying quantities of ascorbic acid, carotene, and lycopene, and showed a pronounced inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LPx) and ability to scavenge HO. Extracts were more potent tyrosinase inhibitors but unsuccessful when faced with ACE. Fomitopsis pinicola had the strongest anti-tumor efficacy while Ganoderma lucidum demonstrated strong selectivity in anti-tumor effect in comparison to normal cells. The evaluated species provided a solid foundation for commercial development while keeping local ecology in mind. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources)
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15 pages, 12644 KiB  
Article
Umbellaceae fam. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) for Umbellus sinensis gen. et sp. nov. and Three New Combinations
by Xue-Wei Wang and Li-Wei Zhou
J. Fungi 2024, 10(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10010022 - 28 Dec 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
Hymenochaetales, belonging to Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota, comprises most polypores and corticioid fungi and, also, a few agarics. The latest taxonomic framework accepts 14 families in this order. When further exploring species diversity of Hymenochaetales, two corticioid specimens collected from China [...] Read more.
Hymenochaetales, belonging to Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota, comprises most polypores and corticioid fungi and, also, a few agarics. The latest taxonomic framework accepts 14 families in this order. When further exploring species diversity of Hymenochaetales, two corticioid specimens collected from China producing cystidia with large umbrella-shaped crystalline heads attracted our attention. This kind of cystidia was reported only in three unsequenced species, viz. Tubulicrinis corneri, T. hamatus and T. umbraculus, which were accepted in Tubulicrinaceae, Hymenochaetales. The current multilocus-based phylogeny supports that the two Chinese specimens formed an independent lineage from Tubulicrinaceae as well as the additional 13 families and all sampled genera in Hymenochaetales. Therefore, a monotypic family, Umbellaceae, is newly described with the new genus Umbellus as the type genus to represent this lineage. The two Chinese specimens are newly described as U. sinensis, which differs from T. corneri, T. hamatus, and T. umbraculus in a combination of a smooth to grandinioid hymenophoral surface, not flattened, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with a tiny apiculus, and growth on angiosperm wood. Due to the presence of the unique cystidia, the three species of Tubulicrinis, even though they lack available molecular sequences, are transferred to Umbellus as U. corneri, U. hamatus, and U. umbraculus. Hereafter, all known species with large umbrella-shaped crystalline-headed cystidia are in a single genus. In summary, the current study provides a supplement to the latest taxonomic framework of Hymenochaetales and will help to further explore species diversity and the evolution of this fungal order. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy, Systematics and Evolution of Forestry Fungi, 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 1973 KiB  
Article
Eco-Physiological Adaptations of the Xylotrophic Basidiomycetes Fungi to CO2 and O2 Mode in the Woody Habitat
by Victor A. Mukhin and Daria K. Diyarova
J. Fungi 2022, 8(12), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8121296 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2252
Abstract
The aim of this research is to study of eco-physiological adaptations of xylotrophic fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) to hypoxia, anoxia and hypercapnia as the main environmental factors that determine the activity of fungi in woody habitat. The study was carried out on seven species [...] Read more.
The aim of this research is to study of eco-physiological adaptations of xylotrophic fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) to hypoxia, anoxia and hypercapnia as the main environmental factors that determine the activity of fungi in woody habitat. The study was carried out on seven species of polypore fungi widespread in the preforest-steppe pine-birch forests of the Central Urals, including both white (D. tricolor, D. septentrionalis, F. fomentarius, H. rutilans, T. biforme) and brown (F. betulina, F. pinicola) rot. Their CO2 and O2 gas exchange were analyzed in natural samples of woody substrates (Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris) and basidiocarps by the chamber method using a CO2/O2 gas analyzer. It was shown that the intensity of O2 gas exchange is positively related to the oxygen concentration but is not very sensitive to a decrease in its content in the woody habitat. Xylotrophic fungi are able to completely exhaust the O2 in the habitat, and this process is linear, indicating that they do not have threshold values for oxygen content. Oxygen consumption is accompanied by an adequate linear increase in CO2 concentration up to 18–19%. At a concentration of 5–10%, carbon dioxide does not affect the gas exchange of xylotrophic fungi and can even enhance it, but at 20% it significantly reduces its intensity. Xylotrophic fungi are resistant to high CO2 concentrations and remain viable at 100% CO2 concentration and are capable of growth under these conditions. In an oxygen-free habitat, anaerobic CO2 emissions are recorded; when O2 appears, its consumption is restored to the level preceding anoxia. Xylotrophic fungi are the specialized group of saprotrophic microaerophilic and capnophilic facultative anaerobes adapted to develop at low oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentration, anoxia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Physiology of Wood Decay Fungi: Basics and Applications)
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11 pages, 2801 KiB  
Article
Two New Species of Sidera (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from Southwest China
by Zhan-Bo Liu, Meng Zhou, Fang Wu and Jian Yu
J. Fungi 2022, 8(4), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040385 - 10 Apr 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2366
Abstract
Two new wood-inhabiting fungi, Sidera salmonea sp. Nov. and S. tibetica sp. Nov. in the order Hymenochaetales from southwest China, are described and illustrated based on molecular and morphological evidence. They were found on gymnosperm wood that is rotten and charred. The characteristics [...] Read more.
Two new wood-inhabiting fungi, Sidera salmonea sp. Nov. and S. tibetica sp. Nov. in the order Hymenochaetales from southwest China, are described and illustrated based on molecular and morphological evidence. They were found on gymnosperm wood that is rotten and charred. The characteristics of S. salmonea include annual, resupinate basidioma, salmon pores with distinctly white margins, angular pores (7–9 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and lunate basidiospores that are 3–3.5 × 0.9–1.1 μm. The characteristics of S. tibetica include annual, resupinate basidioma with a white to cream fresh pore surface that becomes cream to honey-yellow and shiny when dry, round pores (7–8 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and lunate basidiospores that measure 2.9–3.1 × 1–1.1 μm. A phylogenetic analysis based on the combined 2-locus dataset (5.8S + nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU)) shows that the two species are members of the genus Sidera, and they are morphologically compared with related species, respectively. This paper provides a key to the identification of 16 accepted species of Sidera that are found throughout the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phylogeny and Diversity of Forestry Fungi)
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34 pages, 9054 KiB  
Article
Neotropical Studies on Hymenochaetaceae: Unveiling the Diversity and Endemicity of Phellinotus
by Carlos A. Salvador-Montoya, Samuel G. Elias, Orlando F. Popoff, Gerardo L. Robledo, Carlos Urcelay, Aristóteles Góes-Neto, Sebastián Martínez and Elisandro R. Drechsler-Santos
J. Fungi 2022, 8(3), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030216 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3167
Abstract
Phellinotus, a neotropical genus of wood-decay fungi commonly found on living members of the Fabaceae family, was initially described as containing two species, P. neoaridus and P. piptadeniae. The members of this genus, along with six other well-established genera [...] Read more.
Phellinotus, a neotropical genus of wood-decay fungi commonly found on living members of the Fabaceae family, was initially described as containing two species, P. neoaridus and P. piptadeniae. The members of this genus, along with six other well-established genera and some unresolved lineages, are the current representatives of the ‘phellinotus clade’. On the other hand, based on a two-loci phylogenetic analysis, some entities/lineages of the ‘phellinotus clade’ have been found in Fomitiporella s.l. In this work, we performed four-loci phylogenetic analyses and based on our results the genera of the ‘phellinotus clade’ are shown to be monophyletic groups. In addition to the natural groups confirmed as different genera, morphological revisions, phylogenetic relationships, and host distribution of different specimens resembling P. neoaridus and P. piptadeniae revealed three new species in the Phellinotus genus, referred to here as P. magnoporatus, P. teixeirae and P. xerophyticus. Furthermore, for P. piptadeniae a narrower species concept was adopted with redefined morphological characters and a more limited distribution range. Both P. neoaridus and P. teixeirae have a distribution range restricted to seasonally dry tropical forests in South America. Additionally, based on detailed morphological revisions Phellinus badius, Phellinus resinaceus, and Phellinus scaber are transferred to the Phellinotus genus. The geographic distribution and host range of the genus are then discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dimensions of Tropical Fungal Diversity)
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18 pages, 6463 KiB  
Article
Notes on Some Interesting Sporocarp-Inhabiting Fungi Isolated from Xylarialean Fungi in Japan
by Wasiatus Sa’diyah, Akira Hashimoto, Gen Okada and Moriya Ohkuma
Diversity 2021, 13(11), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110574 - 10 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6570
Abstract
The diversity of sporocarp-inhabiting fungi (SCIF) was examined using six samples of xylarialean fungi from two different forests in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan: a moist forest in the Sakuragawa area and an urban dry forest in the Tsukuba area. These fungi were enumerated using [...] Read more.
The diversity of sporocarp-inhabiting fungi (SCIF) was examined using six samples of xylarialean fungi from two different forests in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan: a moist forest in the Sakuragawa area and an urban dry forest in the Tsukuba area. These fungi were enumerated using direct observation and dilution plate methods. We obtained 44 isolates, and careful morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies of these isolates revealed that approximately 30% of the operating taxonomic units were undescribed or cryptic species related to known fungi. Although typical mycoparasitic fungi, such as helotialean fungi and Trichoderma spp., were not isolated, the genera Acremonium, Acrodontium, and Simplicillium were detected. Comparisons of SCIF communities between the two forests suggested that the number of isolated species in the Sakuragawa area was lower than that in the Tsukuba area. Soil-borne fungi, such as Aspergillus, Beauveria, Penicillium, and Talaromyces, or polypores/corticioid mushrooms, are frequently detected in the Tsukuba area. Factors affecting SCIF communities in the two forests are discussed. Some noteworthy fungi are briefly described with notes on taxonomy, ecology, and molecular phylogeny. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hidden Fungal Diversity in Asia)
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23 pages, 3101 KiB  
Article
Agaricales Mushroom Lignin Peroxidase: From Structure–Function to Degradative Capabilities
by María Isabel Sánchez-Ruiz, Iván Ayuso-Fernández, Jorge Rencoret, Andrés Manuel González-Ramírez, Dolores Linde, Irene Davó-Siguero, Antonio Romero, Ana Gutiérrez, Angel T. Martínez and Francisco Javier Ruiz-Dueñas
Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091446 - 12 Sep 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5145
Abstract
Lignin biodegradation has been extensively studied in white-rot fungi, which largely belong to order Polyporales. Among the enzymes that wood-rotting polypores secrete, lignin peroxidases (LiPs) have been labeled as the most efficient. Here, we characterize a similar enzyme (ApeLiP) from a fungus of [...] Read more.
Lignin biodegradation has been extensively studied in white-rot fungi, which largely belong to order Polyporales. Among the enzymes that wood-rotting polypores secrete, lignin peroxidases (LiPs) have been labeled as the most efficient. Here, we characterize a similar enzyme (ApeLiP) from a fungus of the order Agaricales (with ~13,000 described species), the soil-inhabiting mushroom Agrocybe pediades. X-ray crystallography revealed that ApeLiP is structurally related to Polyporales LiPs, with a conserved heme-pocket and a solvent-exposed tryptophan. Its biochemical characterization shows that ApeLiP can oxidize both phenolic and non-phenolic lignin model-compounds, as well as different dyes. Moreover, using stopped-flow rapid spectrophotometry and 2D-NMR, we demonstrate that ApeLiP can also act on real lignin. Characterization of a variant lacking the above tryptophan residue shows that this is the oxidation site for lignin and other high redox-potential substrates, and also plays a role in phenolic substrate oxidation. The reduction potentials of the catalytic-cycle intermediates were estimated by stopped-flow in equilibrium reactions, showing similar activation by H2O2, but a lower potential for the rate-limiting step (compound-II reduction) compared to other LiPs. Unexpectedly, ApeLiP was stable from acidic to basic pH, a relevant feature for application considering its different optima for oxidation of phenolic and nonphenolic compounds. Full article
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13 pages, 1983 KiB  
Article
Poriella subacida Gen. & Comb Nov. for Perenniporia subacida (Peck) Donk
by Rui Chen, Samantha C. Karunarathna and Chang-Lin Zhao
Agronomy 2021, 11(7), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071308 - 27 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2911
Abstract
Poriella subacida gen. & comb. nov., previously known as Perenniporia subacida, which causes white rot, has been documented in temperate and tropical forests. Specimens from Asia, North America, and Europe were examined, including the type specimen of Polylorus subacidus. Sequences [...] Read more.
Poriella subacida gen. & comb. nov., previously known as Perenniporia subacida, which causes white rot, has been documented in temperate and tropical forests. Specimens from Asia, North America, and Europe were examined, including the type specimen of Polylorus subacidus. Sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, the 28S rDNA, the mitochondrial rDNA small subunit (mtSSU), and the gene encoding the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1) were generated. In multigene phylogenies (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian inferences), “Perenniporia subacida” formed a well-supported lineage, distinct from the core “Perenniporia” clade (type species: “P. medulla-panis”), and sister to the “Yuchengia narymica” lineage. We therefore conclude that “P. subacida” should be placed in the new genus “Poriella”gen. nov. Morphologically, “Poriella” is characterized by a di- to trimitic hyphal system, non-truncate basidiospores, and strongly dextrinoid, cyanophilic skeletal hyphae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress on Added-Value Fungi)
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11 pages, 4687 KiB  
Article
3D Arrays of Super-Hydrophobic Microtubes from Polypore Mushrooms as Naturally-Derived Systems for Oil Absorption
by Gianluca Balzamo, Naval Singh, Ningjing Wang, Goran T. Vladisavljević, Guido Bolognesi and Elisa Mele
Materials 2019, 12(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12010132 - 3 Jan 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4394
Abstract
Porous materials derived from natural resources, such as Luffa sponges, pomelo peel and jute fibres, have recently emerged as oil adsorbents for water purification, due to their suitability, low environmental impact, biodegradability and low cost. Here we show, for the first time, that [...] Read more.
Porous materials derived from natural resources, such as Luffa sponges, pomelo peel and jute fibres, have recently emerged as oil adsorbents for water purification, due to their suitability, low environmental impact, biodegradability and low cost. Here we show, for the first time, that the porosity of the fruiting body of polypore mushrooms can be used to absorb oils and organic solvents while repelling water. We engineered the surface properties of Ganoderma applanatum fungi, of which the fruiting body consists of a regular array of long capillaries embedded in a fibrous matrix, with paraffin wax, octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane. Morphological and wettability analyses of the modified fungus revealed that the OTS treatment was effective in preserving the 3D porosity of the natural material, inducing super-hydrophobicity (water contact angle higher than 150°) and improving oil sorption capacity (1.8–3.1 g/g). The treated fungus was also inserted into fluidic networks as a filtration element, and its ability to separate water from chloroform was demonstrated. Full article
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16 pages, 1433 KiB  
Article
Ecological Factors Influencing Norway Spruce Regeneration on Nurse Logs in a Subalpine Virgin Forest
by Sophie Stroheker, Marc Weiss, Thomas N. Sieber and Harald Bugmann
Forests 2018, 9(3), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/f9030120 - 5 Mar 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4395
Abstract
Regeneration of Picea abies in high-elevation mountain forests often depends on the presence of coarse woody debris (CWD), as logs provide sites with more favorable conditions for spruce regeneration compared to the forest floor. However, there is little quantitative knowledge on the factors [...] Read more.
Regeneration of Picea abies in high-elevation mountain forests often depends on the presence of coarse woody debris (CWD), as logs provide sites with more favorable conditions for spruce regeneration compared to the forest floor. However, there is little quantitative knowledge on the factors that are conducive to or hindering spruce establishment on CWD. We examined spruce regeneration on CWD by sampling 303 plots (50 cm × 50 cm each) on 56 downed logs in a virgin forest in the Swiss Alps. Variables describing microsite conditions were measured, and fungi were isolated from wood samples. To investigate the relationship between the ecological factors and establishment success, two models were fitted with seedling and sapling density as response variables, respectively. Besides log diameter, the models identified different ecological factors as significant for seedling and sapling establishment, i.e., regeneration depends on different factors in different development stages. Seedling density depended on the type of rot, log inclination, and decay stage. Sapling density depended mainly on light availability, cover by bark and moss, the time of tree fall, and the distance between the log surface and the forest floor. A total of 22 polypore fungi were isolated from the wood samples, four of them being threatened species. White- and brown-rot fungi were found in all decay stages. The visual assessment of the type of rot in the field corresponded in only 15% of cases to the type of rot caused by the isolated fungi; hence caution is needed when making field assessments of rot types. Full article
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