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Search Results (4)

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Keywords = permanent makeup (PMU) ink

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12 pages, 1219 KiB  
Article
Why Permanent Makeup (PMU) Is Not a Lifetime Application
by Eleni Andreou, Sophia Hatziantoniou, Efstathios Rallis and Vasiliki Kefala
Cosmetics 2024, 11(5), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11050160 - 16 Sep 2024
Viewed by 3983
Abstract
Permanent makeup (PMU) is a popular form of tattooing applied to the eyebrows, eyelids, and lips for corrective and aesthetic purposes. It also has medical applications, such as reconstructing the breast areola, mimicking hair follicles on the head, and covering scars and vitiligo. [...] Read more.
Permanent makeup (PMU) is a popular form of tattooing applied to the eyebrows, eyelids, and lips for corrective and aesthetic purposes. It also has medical applications, such as reconstructing the breast areola, mimicking hair follicles on the head, and covering scars and vitiligo. Unlike body tattoos, PMU often requires reapplication to maintain color density and shape, as the pigments fade over time. This fading is likely due to the characteristics of PMU colorants rather than the application methods or apparatuses. The aim of our study was to assess the application depth of PMU colorants and tattoo ink after procedures. PMU colorants typically contain larger pigment particles in their composition compared to the nanoparticles found in traditional tattoo inks. We applied both tattoo ink and PMU colorants on SKH-1 mice using a PMU apparatus and a tattoo apparatus. To clarify the semi-permanent nature of PMU compared to the more permanent body tattoos, skin biopsies were performed at various intervals throughout this study. The results showed that PMU and tattoo ink were placed at approximately the same depth but exhibited key differences in behavior. PMU with larger inorganic pigments fades over time, while tattoos with smaller, stable organic pigments ensure permanence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aesthetic and Cosmetic Dermatology: 2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 1831 KiB  
Article
Permanent Make-Up (PMU) Inks Decolorization Using Plant Origin Materials
by Eleni Andreou, Agapi K. Triantafyllou, Soultana Mountsaki, Efstathios Rallis, Fotini N. Lamari, Sophia Hatziantoniou and Vasiliki Kefala
Cosmetics 2022, 9(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9030048 - 5 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6073
Abstract
Permanent make-up (PMU) has become a very popular application over the last few years. The ingredients of PMU inks, used over the face area, are organic and inorganic substances very close to the chemical composition of tattoo inks. As the application rates increase, [...] Read more.
Permanent make-up (PMU) has become a very popular application over the last few years. The ingredients of PMU inks, used over the face area, are organic and inorganic substances very close to the chemical composition of tattoo inks. As the application rates increase, the demand for PMU removal rises. The aim of this study is to assess the decolorization of PMU inks using preparations originating from different plant sources. The leaves of Pelargonium zonale (PE) were extracted with water for 48 h. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of the extract was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu technique reaching 201.34 ± 4.57 μg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/mL of extract. The antioxidant activity of the extract was 20.87 ± 0.36 μg of Trolox equivalents (TE)/mL and 3.56 ± 0.43 mg FeSO4×7H2O mL of extract when assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay respectively. The decolorization potential of PE leaf extract on five commercially available PMU inks of different hues was assessed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry in comparison to polyphenol oxidases enzyme (PPO). The results demonstrated higher absorption reduction that indicates decolorization potential for the inks that have mainly ferrous oxides as colorants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2022)
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9 pages, 963 KiB  
Article
Microbiological Survey of 47 Permanent Makeup Inks Available in the United States
by Sunghyun Yoon, Sandeep Kondakala, Seong Won Nho, Mi Sun Moon, Mei Chiung J. Huang, Goran Periz, Ohgew Kweon and Seongjae Kim
Microorganisms 2022, 10(4), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040820 - 15 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3749
Abstract
In two previous surveys, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) identified microbial contamination in 53 of 112 (47%) unopened tattoo inks and tattoo-ink-related products (e.g., diluents) from 15 manufacturers in the U.S. In this study, we primarily focused our microbiological survey on [...] Read more.
In two previous surveys, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) identified microbial contamination in 53 of 112 (47%) unopened tattoo inks and tattoo-ink-related products (e.g., diluents) from 15 manufacturers in the U.S. In this study, we primarily focused our microbiological survey on permanent makeup (PMU) inks. We conducted a survey of 47 unopened PMU inks from nine manufacturers and a comparative species-centric co-occurrence network (SCN) analysis using the survey results. Aerobic plate count and enrichment culture methods using the FDA’s Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 23 revealed that 9 (19%) inks out of 47, from five manufacturers, were contaminated with microorganisms. The level of microbial contamination was less than 250 CFU/g in eight inks and 980 CFU/g in one ink. We identified 26 bacteria that belong to nine genera and 21 species, including some clinically relevant species, such as Alloiococcus otitis, Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis, Kocuria rosea, and Pasteurella canis. Among the identified microorganisms, the SCN analysis revealed dominance and a strong co-occurrence relation of spore-forming extreme environment survivors, Bacillus spp., with close phylogenetic/phenotypic relationships. These results provide practical insights into the possible microbial contamination factors and positive selection pressure of PMU inks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection, Genophenotypic Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Microbial Contaminants)
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9 pages, 633 KiB  
Review
Safety of Tattoos and Permanent Make up (PMU) Colorants
by Eleni Andreou, Sophia Hatziantoniou, Efstathios Rallis and Vasiliki Kefala
Cosmetics 2021, 8(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8020047 - 7 Jun 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 18143
Abstract
The art of tattooing is a popular decorative approach for body decoration and has a corrective value for the face. The tattooing procedure is characterized by placing exogenous pigments into the dermis with a number of needles. The process of creating traditional and [...] Read more.
The art of tattooing is a popular decorative approach for body decoration and has a corrective value for the face. The tattooing procedure is characterized by placing exogenous pigments into the dermis with a number of needles. The process of creating traditional and cosmetic tattoos is the same. Colorants are deposited in the dermis by piercing the skin with needles of specific shape and thickness, which are moistened with the colorant. Colorants (pigments or dyes) most of the time include impurities which may cause adverse reactions. It is commonly known that tattoo inks remain in the skin for lifetime. It is also a fact that the chemicals that are used in permanent makeup (PMU) colorants may stay in the body for a long time so there is a significant long-term risk for harmful ingredients being placed in the body. Tattoo and PMU colorants contain various substances and their main ingredients and decomposition components may cause health risks and unwanted side effects to skin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Evolving Practices in the Quality Control of Cosmetics)
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