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Keywords = oil-immersed transformer fire

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17 pages, 23191 KiB  
Article
Life Expectancy of Transformer Paper Insulation Retrofilled with Natural Ester in the Laboratory
by Andrés Montero, Belén García and Carlos López
Polymers 2023, 15(22), 4345; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15224345 - 7 Nov 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
The use of alternative insulating liquids instead of mineral oil in transformers is spreading around the world due to their superior fire resistance. Furthermore, researchers have demonstrated that these oils increase the lifespan of the solid insulation of the transformers and, thus, the [...] Read more.
The use of alternative insulating liquids instead of mineral oil in transformers is spreading around the world due to their superior fire resistance. Furthermore, researchers have demonstrated that these oils increase the lifespan of the solid insulation of the transformers and, thus, the life expectancy of the equipment. Retrofilling of transformers with natural and synthetic esters allows companies to benefit from the properties of using these liquids without making an investment into new machinery. This paper investigated the ageing process of Kraft paper that was retrofilled with a natural ester in the laboratory. The Kraft paper samples were subjected to accelerated thermal ageing in an oven at 130 °C, and markers such as the degree of polymerisation and tensile strength were measured. The ageing tests comprised a first period, where the samples were immersed in mineral oil, followed by a replacement of the oil with a natural ester. As moisture is a determinant factor for paper ageing, two sets of samples with different moisture contents were tested. The results showed that the retrofilling of the transformers may slow down the degradation rate of the solid insulation despite the presence of remaining mineral oil adsorbed in the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural-Based Biodegradable Polymeric Materials II)
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15 pages, 3848 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Fire Suppression of the Outdoor Oil-Immersed Transformer by High-Pressure Water Mist System
by Huaitao Song, Haowei Yao, Xiaoge Wei, Hengjie Qin, Youxin Li, Kefeng Lv and Qianlong Chen
Fire 2023, 6(6), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060238 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3187
Abstract
Fire accidents due to oil-immersed transformers seriously threaten the safe operation of power systems. In this paper, the similarity principle was used to design a high-pressure water mist fire-extinguishing test platform for a small-scale transformer fire, and the design method achieved a good [...] Read more.
Fire accidents due to oil-immersed transformers seriously threaten the safe operation of power systems. In this paper, the similarity principle was used to design a high-pressure water mist fire-extinguishing test platform for a small-scale transformer fire, and the design method achieved a good fire extinguishing effect. The results indicate that a deflagration phenomenon, lasting about 2–4 s, could be observed after activating the high-pressure water mist system; the flame temperature rose rapidly at first, then dropped sharply, and finally cooled to the indoor temperature. The nozzle’s flow rate in this system has a significant impact on the fire extinguishing time. Meanwhile, the adjustment of the upper nozzle height also influenced the fire suppression effectiveness of the system, where a height of 1800 mm achieved the best performance compared to the others. In addition, the ambient wind speed is a very unfavorable factor for transformer fire suppression, where the fire extinguishing efficiency decreases rapidly with the increase in wind speed. Therefore, under low wind speed conditions, the high-pressure water mist system has great advantages in the fire suppression of outdoor oil-immersed transformers, and the above research results can provide a reference for the optimization design of this system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Extinguishing Agent and Application)
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32 pages, 16999 KiB  
Review
Oil-Immersed Power Transformer Condition Monitoring Methodologies: A Review
by Lan Jin, Dowon Kim, Ahmed Abu-Siada and Shantanu Kumar
Energies 2022, 15(9), 3379; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093379 - 6 May 2022
Cited by 73 | Viewed by 9437
Abstract
A power transformer is one of the most critical and expensive assets in electric power systems. Failure of a power transformer would not only result in a downtime to the entire transmission and distribution networks but may also cause personnel and environmental hazards [...] Read more.
A power transformer is one of the most critical and expensive assets in electric power systems. Failure of a power transformer would not only result in a downtime to the entire transmission and distribution networks but may also cause personnel and environmental hazards due to oil leak and fire. Hence, to enhance a transformer’s reliability and extend its lifespan, a cost-effective and reliable condition monitoring technique should be adopted from day one of its installation. This will help detect incipient faults, extend a transformer’s operational life, and avoid potential consequences. With the global trend to establish digital substation automation systems, transformer online condition monitoring has been given much attention by utilities and researchers alike. Several online and offline condition monitoring techniques have been recently proposed for oil-immersed power transformers. This paper is aimed at providing a state-of-the-art review for the various condition monitoring technologies used for oil-immersed power transformers. Concept of measurements and analysis of the results along with the future trend of condition monitoring techniques are presented. Full article
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