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Search Results (3)

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Keywords = multi-component micromanipulators

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16 pages, 2975 KB  
Review
The Material Properties of the Cell Nucleus: A Matter of Scale
by Maud Hertzog and Fabian Erdel
Cells 2023, 12(15), 1958; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12151958 - 28 Jul 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5160
Abstract
Chromatin regulatory processes physically take place in the environment of the cell nucleus, which is filled with the chromosomes and a plethora of smaller biomolecules. The nucleus contains macromolecular assemblies of different sizes, from nanometer-sized protein complexes to micrometer-sized biomolecular condensates, chromosome territories, [...] Read more.
Chromatin regulatory processes physically take place in the environment of the cell nucleus, which is filled with the chromosomes and a plethora of smaller biomolecules. The nucleus contains macromolecular assemblies of different sizes, from nanometer-sized protein complexes to micrometer-sized biomolecular condensates, chromosome territories, and nuclear bodies. This multiscale organization impacts the transport processes within the nuclear interior, the global mechanical properties of the nucleus, and the way the nucleus senses and reacts to mechanical stimuli. Here, we discuss recent work on these aspects, including microrheology and micromanipulation experiments assessing the material properties of the nucleus and its subcomponents. We summarize how the properties of multiscale media depend on the time and length scales probed in the experiment, and we reconcile seemingly contradictory observations made on different scales. We also revisit the concept of liquid-like and solid-like material properties for complex media such as the nucleus. We propose that the nucleus can be considered a multiscale viscoelastic medium composed of three major components with distinct properties: the lamina, the chromatin network, and the nucleoplasmic fluid. This multicomponent organization enables the nucleus to serve its different functions as a reaction medium on the nanoscale and as a mechanosensor and structural scaffold on the microscale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetics, Chromatin Structure and Transcription Regulation)
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25 pages, 1127 KB  
Review
Optical Micromachines for Biological Studies
by Philippa-Kate Andrew, Martin A. K. Williams and Ebubekir Avci
Micromachines 2020, 11(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11020192 - 13 Feb 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5286
Abstract
Optical tweezers have been used for biological studies since shortly after their inception. However, over the years research has suggested that the intense laser light used to create optical traps may damage the specimens being studied. This review aims to provide a brief [...] Read more.
Optical tweezers have been used for biological studies since shortly after their inception. However, over the years research has suggested that the intense laser light used to create optical traps may damage the specimens being studied. This review aims to provide a brief overview of optical tweezers and the possible mechanisms for damage, and more importantly examines the role of optical micromachines as tools for biological studies. This review covers the achievements to date in the field of optical micromachines: improvements in the ability to produce micromachines, including multi-body microrobots; and design considerations for both optical microrobots and the optical trapping set-up used for controlling them are all discussed. The review focuses especially on the role of micromachines in biological research, and explores some of the potential that the technology has in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Trapping and Manipulation: From Fundamentals to Applications)
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20 pages, 1136 KB  
Review
Survey on Recent Designs of Compliant Micro-/Nano-Positioning Stages
by Zeyi Wu and Qingsong Xu
Actuators 2018, 7(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/act7010005 - 11 Feb 2018
Cited by 97 | Viewed by 14225
Abstract
Micromanipulation is a hot topic due to its enabling role in various research fields. In order to perform a high precision operation at a small scale, compliant mechanisms have been proposed and applied for decades. In microscale manipulation, micro-/nano-positioning is the most fundamental [...] Read more.
Micromanipulation is a hot topic due to its enabling role in various research fields. In order to perform a high precision operation at a small scale, compliant mechanisms have been proposed and applied for decades. In microscale manipulation, micro-/nano-positioning is the most fundamental operation because a precision positioning is the premise of subsequent operations. This paper is concentrated on reviewing the state-of-the-art research on complaint micro-/nano-positioning stage design in recent years. It involves the major processes and components for designing a compliant positioning stage, e.g., actuator selection, stroke amplifier design, connecting scheme of the multi-DOF stage and structure optimization. The review provides a reference to design a compliant micro-/nano-positioning stage for pertinent applications. Full article
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