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Keywords = medieval door

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17 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
The Christological Dimension of Papal Ceremonies: Alexander VI and the Opening of the Holy Door
by Lukasz Zak
Religions 2025, 16(6), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16060680 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 522
Abstract
The aim of the paper will be to examine how Pope Alexander VI used liturgy to underscore his dignity as the vicar of Christ. During the pontificate of Rodrigo Borgia—and indeed throughout the 15th century—papal authority faced ongoing challenges, such as appeals to [...] Read more.
The aim of the paper will be to examine how Pope Alexander VI used liturgy to underscore his dignity as the vicar of Christ. During the pontificate of Rodrigo Borgia—and indeed throughout the 15th century—papal authority faced ongoing challenges, such as appeals to council, Savonarola’s preaching, and political conflicts with Charles VIII of France. In this context, the concept of the vicariate of Christ served as a crucial justification for the pope’s preeminent position within the Church. The unique bond between Christ and the pope was emphasized through various rites, including the opening of the Holy Door. In its first part, the paper will explore several examples of how Alexander VI portrayed himself as the vicar of Christ. This self-representation was conveyed not only through ceremonies, such as the possesso procession marking the inauguration of his pontificate, but also through artistic representations commissioned at various locations. Subsequently, the study will demonstrate that the opening of the Holy Door during the Jubilee of 1500 was carefully designed to highlight the Christological dimension of papal primacy. Although previous scholarship has addressed aspects of this rite, its political significance has largely been overlooked. By drawing on a variety of sources, this paper will trace the genesis and meaning of the ceremony, which was meticulously shaped by Alexander VI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Medieval Liturgy and Ritual)
13 pages, 2823 KiB  
Article
In Situ Investigation of the Medieval Copper Alloy Door in Troia (Southern Italy)
by Giovanni Buccolieri, Antonio Serra, Giorgio Giuseppe Carbone, Vito Nicola Iacobellis, Alfredo Castellano, Lucio Calcagnile and Alessandro Buccolieri
Heritage 2023, 6(3), 2688-2700; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6030142 - 2 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1903
Abstract
This work describes experimental results concerning the chemical composition of the alloy patina and inlays from the medieval copper alloy door of the cathedral of Troia (southern Italy), dating back to 1127 CE. The analyses were conducted in situ with no sampling or [...] Read more.
This work describes experimental results concerning the chemical composition of the alloy patina and inlays from the medieval copper alloy door of the cathedral of Troia (southern Italy), dating back to 1127 CE. The analyses were conducted in situ with no sampling or sample preparation required, using a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) instrument. The compositional results show that the two door leaves were made using a binary alloy of copper and lead, while the nails, lion protomes, and handles have a different chemical composition. Moreover, the analyses revealed uniform concentrations of chlorine, probably due to cleaning treatments during the restoration. It is important to emphasise that the obtained results are the only ones related to this valuable masterpiece analysed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation Methodologies and Practices for Built Heritage)
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13 pages, 273 KiB  
Article
From Heretical Beggars to Protestant Organizers: The Reception of the Reformation by the Waldensians
by Ottavio Palombaro
Religions 2023, 14(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14010004 - 21 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2262
Abstract
This article takes up the question of how the Poor Waldensians of Lyon, a predecessor of the medieval Franciscan movement, managed to become one of the main Reformed ecclesiastical bodies starting from the sixteenth century. The Italian Waldensians are an interesting ecclesiological case [...] Read more.
This article takes up the question of how the Poor Waldensians of Lyon, a predecessor of the medieval Franciscan movement, managed to become one of the main Reformed ecclesiastical bodies starting from the sixteenth century. The Italian Waldensians are an interesting ecclesiological case since during the time of the Protestant Reformation they underwent a significant transformation, from a nomadic and sectarian heterodox group to an ordered Reformed church body inserted within the broader international network of Reformed churches. This meant their survival through the support of Protestant diplomacy and public opinion, opening a door for Protestantism in the stronghold of Roman Catholicism. Their ideological move was not without changes on many ecclesiological points (Scriptures, sacraments, justification, etc.), in addition to the abandonment of their former pauperistic roots. The study shows how struggling religious minorities can at times undergo essential changes in order to guarantee their survival. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The History and Legacy of the 16th Century European Religious Reformations: Theological Investigations across Humanistic and Social Sciences)
23 pages, 6966 KiB  
Article
Virgin Mary as the “Gate of Heaven” with Angelic Musicians in the Doorway of the Apostles at the Cathedral of Valencia
by Montiel Seguí
Religions 2022, 13(11), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13111098 - 14 Nov 2022
Viewed by 3207
Abstract
The Door of the Apostles at the Cathedral of Valencia stands as a treasure of sacred Gothic architecture and sculpture. A modification to its original structure in 1599 removed the mullion and the stone image of the Virgin that is to be found [...] Read more.
The Door of the Apostles at the Cathedral of Valencia stands as a treasure of sacred Gothic architecture and sculpture. A modification to its original structure in 1599 removed the mullion and the stone image of the Virgin that is to be found today in the tympanum. However, regardless of her location, Mary Mater Dei presided over everything that was happening in the doorway. She guided those who crossed the temple’s threshold, placed as she was on the mullion so as to appear as a Porta Coeli. In addition, she was the conductor of the characters on the door such as apostles, prophets, patriarchs, virgins and angelic sonadors (sound-makers). The latter appeared playing various instruments from both profane and sacred medieval traditions. Their location in the tympanum, playing a role in the meaning of the message, showed the importance of music as a vehicle for conveying the revelation of the Incarnation of Christ. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medieval Christian Religion and Art)
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12 pages, 7404 KiB  
Article
Non-Destructive In Situ Investigation of the Study of a Medieval Copper Alloy Door in Canosa di Puglia (Southern Italy)
by Giovanni Buccolieri, Alfredo Castellano, Vito Nicola Iacobelli, Giorgio Giuseppe Carbone, Antonio Serra, Lucio Calcagnile and Alessandro Buccolieri
Heritage 2022, 5(1), 145-156; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5010008 - 8 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3100
Abstract
This paper reports the analyses carried out on the medieval copper alloy door (1111–1118 AD) of the mausoleum of Boemondo d’Altavilla in Canosa di Puglia (Southern Italy). The studied door is the smallest medieval bronze door extant in Italy and, unlike the other [...] Read more.
This paper reports the analyses carried out on the medieval copper alloy door (1111–1118 AD) of the mausoleum of Boemondo d’Altavilla in Canosa di Puglia (Southern Italy). The studied door is the smallest medieval bronze door extant in Italy and, unlike the other Byzantine doors, was most probably made in Canosa di Puglia and not in Constantinople. Analyses were performed to assess the chemical composition of the alloy patinas using a portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) instrument designed at the University of Salento. The experimental results suggested that the two door leaves have the same chemical composition, even if they appear different in both style and size. Furthermore, the alloy used for the door is different from the other previously-analyzed Byzantine bronze doors. The obtained results can be used in the future to compare the chemical composition of other Byzantine doors in order to better understand the manufacture of these precious artifacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Archaeological Copper Alloys)
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9 pages, 198 KiB  
Article
Fast, Feast and Feminism: Teaching Food and Gender in Italian Religious Women’s Writings
by Danielle Callegari
Religions 2018, 9(2), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9020056 - 10 Feb 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6235
Abstract
In the wake of Caroline Walker Bynum’s essential studies on the crucial role food played in the lives of medieval religious women, significant attention has been given to the connection between premodern women’s spiritual practices and eating practices. However, the relationship between religious [...] Read more.
In the wake of Caroline Walker Bynum’s essential studies on the crucial role food played in the lives of medieval religious women, significant attention has been given to the connection between premodern women’s spiritual practices and eating practices. However, the relationship between religious women and food is not limited to body manipulation, inedia or eucharistic frenzy. Indeed, recent critical work has provided accessible translations and critical apparatus necessary for an exploration of food and women’s religiosity that builds on Bynum’s rich foundation and examines the many ways in which women expressed themselves through food, both material and metaphoric. This approach not only allows students to engage with women’s writing through the familiarity and universality of food, but moreover reminds them of the real, living, breathing women behind the texts, thus opening the door to a feminist rereading of texts—not as proto-feminist themselves, but rather in the re-valuing of the substantial contributions of their female authors, who had subtle social awareness, public professional pursuits, and complex and varied relationships with God. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Spirituality in the Renaissance: Teaching Women’s Religious Writings, 1300–1650, from Europe and the Americas)
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