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Search Results (4)

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Keywords = long-duration energy storage (LDES)

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39 pages, 1068 KB  
Article
Strategic Analysis of the Vanadium Market: A Critical Element for EU Green Energy
by Iván Jares Salguero, Guillermo Laine-Cuervo and Efrén García-Ordiales
Energies 2025, 18(24), 6476; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246476 - 10 Dec 2025
Viewed by 357
Abstract
The EU’s green transition hinges on secure access to critical raw materials; vanadium is pivotal for microalloyed steels and emerging long-duration energy storage (VRFBs). Methods: We combine a market and technology review with PESTEL and Porter-5+2 analyses, complemented by a value-chain assessment and [...] Read more.
The EU’s green transition hinges on secure access to critical raw materials; vanadium is pivotal for microalloyed steels and emerging long-duration energy storage (VRFBs). Methods: We combine a market and technology review with PESTEL and Porter-5+2 analyses, complemented by a value-chain assessment and a SWOT-to-CAME strategy for the EU. Results: Vanadium supply is highly concentrated (VTM-derived, largely in CN/RU/ZA), prices are volatile, and >85% of demand remains tied to steel; yet VRFBs could shift demand shares by 2030 if costs—dominated by electrolyte—are mitigated. EU weaknesses include lack of primary mining and refining capacity; strengths include research leadership, regulatory frameworks and circularity potential (slag/catalyst recovery, electrolyte reuse). Conclusions: A resilient EU strategy should prioritize circular supply, selective upstream partnerships, battery-grade refining hubs, and targeted instruments (strategic stocks, offtake/price-stabilization, LDES-ready regulation) to de-risk vanadium for grid storage and low-carbon infrastructure. This study also discusses supply chain concentration and price volatility, and outline circular-economy pathways and decarbonization policy levers relevant to the EU’s green energy transition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Energy Economics: 3rd Edition)
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29 pages, 1678 KB  
Review
Beyond Seasonal Arbitrage—Structured Review on Distributed Long Duration Energy Storage and Its Benefits to the Distribution Grid
by Catherine Adelmann and Dietmar Graeber
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6256; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236256 - 28 Nov 2025
Viewed by 490
Abstract
The rapid rise in variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar introduces significant volatility and uncertainty into electricity grids, underscoring the critical need for increased system flexibility to ensure stability and reliability. Long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies are emerging as essential [...] Read more.
The rapid rise in variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar introduces significant volatility and uncertainty into electricity grids, underscoring the critical need for increased system flexibility to ensure stability and reliability. Long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies are emerging as essential solutions for meeting needs by enabling the storage and dispatch of energy over extended periods—from several hours to days or even weeks. The existing literature and system studies focus predominantly on centralized LDES providing seasonal arbitrage under idealized “copper plate” grid assumptions, while the broader distribution grid services and the specific role of distributed LDES and its benefits to the distribution grid remain largely underexplored. This paper presents a structured literature review on studies published between 2015 and 2025 that explicitly address grid-connected LDES at the distribution level. The review synthesizes the portfolio of services provided by distributed LDES—ranging from seasonal arbitrage, curtailment reduction, and hosting capacity enhancement to T&D deferral, resilience, and hydrogen co-products—and compares techno-economic characteristics, modeling approaches, and optimization objectives across studies. On this basis, the review identifies the main research gaps and contribution areas and gives direction for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Modeling of Energy Storage Systems for Future Power Grids)
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22 pages, 2835 KB  
Review
Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Critical Enabler for Renewable Integration and Decarbonization
by Yuyang Zeng, Tuo Zhou, Tong Wang, Man Zhang, Shuping Zhang and Hairui Yang
Energies 2025, 18(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030466 - 21 Jan 2025
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5346
Abstract
This paper focuses on the critical role of long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies in facilitating renewable energy integration and achieving carbon neutrality. It presents a systematic review of four primary categories: mechanical energy storage, chemical energy storage, electrochemical energy storage, and thermal energy [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the critical role of long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies in facilitating renewable energy integration and achieving carbon neutrality. It presents a systematic review of four primary categories: mechanical energy storage, chemical energy storage, electrochemical energy storage, and thermal energy storage. The study begins by analyzing the technical advantages and geographical constraints of pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) and compressed air energy storage (CAES) in high-capacity applications. It then explores the potential of hydrogen and synthetic fuels for long-duration clean energy storage. The section on electrochemical energy storage highlights the high energy density and flexible scalability of lithium-ion batteries and redox flow batteries. Finally, the paper evaluates innovative advancements in large-scale thermal energy storage technologies, including sensible heat storage, latent heat storage, and thermochemical heat storage. By comparing the performance metrics, application scenarios, and development prospects of various energy storage technologies, this work provides theoretical support and practical insights for maximizing renewable energy utilization and driving the sustainable transformation of global energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)
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30 pages, 1335 KB  
Review
Long-Duration Energy Storage—A Literature Review on the Link between Variable Renewable Energy Penetration and Market Creation
by Andreij Selänniemi, Magnus Hellström and Margareta Björklund-Sänkiaho
Energies 2024, 17(15), 3779; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153779 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4706
Abstract
The relationship between a region’s dependency on variable renewable energy (VRE) and the viability of long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies is recognised through various electricity grid modelling efforts in the contemporary literature. Numerous studies state a specific VRE penetration level in total electricity [...] Read more.
The relationship between a region’s dependency on variable renewable energy (VRE) and the viability of long-duration energy storage (LDES) technologies is recognised through various electricity grid modelling efforts in the contemporary literature. Numerous studies state a specific VRE penetration level in total electricity generation as an indicator of the emergence of an LDES market. However, there is considerable variability across studies when comparing VRE penetration levels in conjunction with LDES technology utilisation, and significant diversity exists in electricity grid modelling approaches. This review aims to highlight these inconsistencies by offering an overview of disparate findings and dissecting the influencing variables. Sixteen parameters are identified from reviewed studies, complemented by an additional five recognised through in-depth analysis. This comprehensive examination not only sheds light on critical aspects overlooked in previous reviews, requiring further investigation, but also provides novel insights into the complexity of this correlation, elevating the understanding of LDES market creation by unravelling the factors that influence the technology adoption across various contexts. Furthermore, it provides clarity in LDES research terminology by rectifying ambiguous language in the existing literature. Altogether, seven databases were explored to produce a trustworthy foundation for the study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers in Energy Storage and Related Applications)
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