Search Results (8)

Victims of domestic violence who bring their experiences to the attention of their spiritual communities and faith leaders have experienced both betrayal and courage from their religious institutions. There is much hurt in the betrayal and much to celebrate in the courage. Institutional betrayal can be embedded in systemic and organizational cultures that repeat themselves even with new leadership and across generations. When leadership hesitate to take actions to protect members, or values the institution above the individuals that depend on it, betrayal ensues. Alternatively, institutional courage can be implemented through improved practices and updated organizational policies. This is true in all communities, including those of faith. When clergy take supportive actions to ensure the safety and wellbeing of those within an institution, healing is more likely to follow. Faith leaders must seek to engage proactively, protect the vulnerable against injustice, and create cultures that benefit those who depend upon the institution. It takes courage to practice institutional courage! Full article

Social media use is commonplace for journalists in newsgathering, including reporting newsworthy deaths. Journalists have revised their death knock practice of physically doorknocking bereaved families to a preference for digital methods to solicit comment and context for stories about fatal incidents. This is gleaned from social media. A 2021–2022 Australian mixed-methods study, including a survey and semi-structured interviews, found that journalists use social media as a tool to find, contact, and interview people, and as a source of facts, photographs, and comments for stories. Journalists are at risk of moral injury, which occurs when they breach their own moral code, including through institutional betrayal. This article argues the digital death knock increases the risk of moral injury because unfettered access to, and sanctioned use of, social media material creates new ethical complexities. It proposes that fundamental to the journalist’s risk of moral injury is their view of the journalist–source relationship, which might in turn reflect their underlying ethical framework. The journalist who preferences utilitarian ethics—the greatest good for the greatest number—may see a source as means to an end; however, the journalist who preferences deontological ethics—respect for persons as an end in themselves—may owe the source a greater duty of care, which, if breached, may make them vulnerable to moral injury. Full article

Objectives: Experiences of racial discrimination within the healthcare system are potentially traumatic events (PTEs) that have been associated with lowered perceived trust in healthcare providers, ongoing symptoms of PTSD and depression, and anticipated healthcare avoidance. Based on the BITTEN trauma impact model, we test a pathway such that greater past healthcare discrimination would be associated with anticipated future healthcare avoidance among BIPOC college students. We posited that this direct relationship would be sequentially mediated by healthcare institutional betrayal (HIB) during one’s worst healthcare event and subsequently reduced trust in healthcare. Methods: Our model was tested in a subsample of undergraduate students, all of whom self-identified with at least one minoritized racial or ethnic identity (n = 472). Participants reported on their past experiences with racial discrimination in healthcare. Each then chose and described their worst and/or most traumatic previous healthcare experience. Subsequently, they indicated if this experience included acts of HIB and/or led to medical mistrust. Finally, they reported on the degree to which they anticipated engaging in future healthcare avoidance. Results: Our model explained 31% of the variance in anticipated healthcare avoidance. As hypothesized via BITTEN, greater HIB during one’s worst or most traumatic healthcare experience and resulting mistrust in healthcare sequentially mediated the relationship between past experiences of healthcare racial discrimination and anticipated future healthcare avoidance. However, a direct relationship between racial discrimination in healthcare and anticipated healthcare avoidance was retained. Conclusions: Racial discrimination is a potentially traumatic experience associated with deleterious health outcomes. Current results suggest that healthcare discrimination may drive BIPOC college students’ future healthcare avoidance both directly and through experiencing increased healthcare institutional betrayal during one’s worst healthcare experience and resultant mistrust in healthcare. Due to the crucial role both discrimination and HIB experiences may play in healthcare outcomes, greater organizational adoption of anti-racist trauma-informed healthcare and the enactment of deliberate system-level repair strategies post discrimination and/or HIB is critical. Understanding the interplay of racial discrimination, HIB, and medical mistrust is also likely to help us address and repair system-level factors leading to anticipated healthcare avoidance behavior among BIPOC emerging adults. Full article

Understanding healthcare avoidance among college students is critical. In this study, we consider two broad cognitive contributors to greater healthcare avoidance: specific early maladaptive schema and negative appraisals of students’ prior worst healthcare experiences. From schema theory, we proposed college students holding greater levels of two early maladaptive schema (disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/performance EMS) would be more likely to appraise their problematic healthcare experience as both containing healthcare institutional betrayal (HIB) behaviors and as traumatic and betrayal-inducing; both EMS and these appraisals would predict healthcare avoidance. Using a cross-sectional survey in a large, diverse college student sample (n = 1383, 61.1% female, 18.9% African American, 7.2% Asian, 6.4% Hispanic/Latino), as predicted, both EMS were significantly related to healthcare avoidance. Furthermore, a sequential mediation model was supported, indicating students holding greater EMS of disconnection/rejection or impaired autonomy/rejection reported more HIB in their worst healthcare experience, and appraised that experience as more betraying. Taken altogether, this model accounted for 23% of the variance in students’ reports of healthcare avoidance. Core beliefs formed early in life may be a foundational lens through which potentially traumatic healthcare experiences are processed in ways that can impact emerging adults’ future healthcare engagement. Findings also support the importance of addressing HIB actions and repairing trauma appraisals accrued during problematic healthcare experiences to prevent healthcare avoidance by emerging adults. Full article

A thread of trauma weaves throughout the U.S. criminal legal system, beginning with individual childhood experiences that are situated within families, communities, and systems that are embedded in structural oppression, thereby increasing the risk of initial and subsequent traumas. The criminal legal system, where individuals who experience prior trauma are more likely to be system-involved, exposes racial minority youths especially to further trauma. This thread also impacts criminal legal system professionals who bear witness to the indirect trauma of victims and people who have harmed, which is often manifested in secondary and vicarious trauma symptoms, while may also cause them to grapple with their own prior trauma. The author offers a critical theory of trauma based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological framework, first by examining select scholarly research on individual-, relationship-, community-, and system-level trauma, including trauma within the criminal legal system. The system is then examined through the lens of critical race theory, which both explains the persistence of oppression within the system and provides a path to reform by centering on the lived experiences of those most impacted. The author then applies the concepts of secondary and vicarious trauma, psychological safety, and institutional betrayal to explore original research on the impacts of working sex crimes on prosecutors. Finally, implications for system- and organizational-level change and recommendations for future research are offered, including the meaningful engagement of individuals with lived experiences in the development, implementation, and evaluation of victim-centered, trauma-informed, and culturally responsive programs and services. Full article

Background: Military environmental exposures and care for subsequent health concerns have been associated with institutional betrayal, or a perception on the part of veterans that the US government has failed to adequately prevent, acknowledge, and treat these conditions and in doing so has betrayed its promise to veterans. Institutional courage is a term developed to describe organizations that proactively protect and care for their members. While institutional courage may be useful in mitigating institutional betrayal, there is a lack of definitions of institutional courage in healthcare from the patient perspective. Methods: Using qualitative methods, we sought to explore the notions of institutional betrayal and institutional courage among veterans exposed to airborne hazards (i.e., airborne particulate matter such as open burn pits; N = 13) to inform and improve clinical practice. We performed initial interviews and follow-up interviews with veterans. Results: Veterans’ depictions of courageous institutions contained key themes of being accountable, proactive, and mindful of unique experiences, supporting advocacy, addressing stigma related to public benefits, and offering safety. Veterans described institutional courage as including both individual-level traits and systems or organizational-level characteristics. Conclusions: Several existing VA initiatives already address many themes identified in describing courageous institutions (e.g., accountability and advocacy). Other themes, especially views of public benefits and being proactive, hold particular value for building trauma-informed healthcare. Full article

Psychoanalysis can advance our understanding of responses from the hierarchy of mainstream religious denominations to disclosures of abuse by clergy. This paper takes analytic insights to discuss how and why the Anglican institutional church has responded so callously to disclosures of child sexual abuse within the church. Inhumane responses have led to feelings of institutional betrayal in survivor groups. The subject is explored firstly in the context of organizational and group dynamics, and, secondly, by analysing defences that underly the interaction between the person who has been abused and the member of the church hierarchy who is hearing the disclosure. Defences and deceptions have been consciously and unconsciously used within the organization that have obstructed contact with reality, and so hindered it both in fulfilling its task in responding appropriately to what has taken place, and in adapting to changing circumstances. Churches have been active agents in re-traumatising individuals. Examples to illustrate are taken from hearings on the Anglican Church by the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse in England, UK. The idea of organizational redemption is presented. Full article

In the last thirty years of his life, Leo Tolstoy wrote numerous books, essays and pamphlets expounding his newly-articulated views on violence, the state, the church, and on how to improve the human condition. Since then, these “Christian anarchist” views have often been dismissed as utopian or naive, and, despite inspiring many activists and intellectuals, often forgotten or ignored. Some of those views and arguments, however, arguably remain apposite today—and can in some cases be applied to broader phenomena than those he identified. This article focuses on one of the aspects of his Christian anarchist thought: his anticlericalism. The first Section recounts the evolution of Tolstoy’s views on religion and the church, and briefly describes Tolstoy’s peculiar metaphysics. The second outlines his main charges against the church, discusses some common objections to it, and considers the continuing relevance of his anticlericalism. The third seeks to secularise his anticlerical arguments by applying them beyond the church, against secular preachers and institutions, and does so by reflecting on the quality of debate in the contemporary public sphere, on the hypocritical distance between the morality preached by secular “clerics” and their practice, and on the steady process of ossification and betrayal which befalls secular political ideals. The article thus contributes to the literature firstly by summarising, discussing and reflecting upon the anticlericalism of a famous writer who also espoused controversial religious and political views; secondly by succinctly outlining his idiosyncratic metaphysics, including his peculiar reinterpretation of traditional Christian referents; and thirdly by applying the arguments that informed his criticisms of the church to a broader variety of religious and secular secular institutions. Full article