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Keywords = exogram

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13 pages, 773 KB  
Review
Biobanking of Exosomes in the Era of Precision Medicine: Are We There Yet?
by Edna M. Mora, Silvia Álvarez-Cubela and Elisa Oltra
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17010013 - 24 Dec 2015
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 9690
Abstract
The emerge of personalized medicine demands high-quality human biospecimens with appropriate clinical annotation, especially in complex diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic alterations in which specimen heterogeneity and individual responses often complicate the development of precision therapeutic programs. In the growing [...] Read more.
The emerge of personalized medicine demands high-quality human biospecimens with appropriate clinical annotation, especially in complex diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and metabolic alterations in which specimen heterogeneity and individual responses often complicate the development of precision therapeutic programs. In the growing field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) research, exosomes (EXOs)—a particular type of EVs—have been proposed as an advantageous diagnostic tool, as effective delivery vehicles and as therapeutic targets. However, the lack of consensus on isolation methods and rigorous criteria to characterize them puts the term EXO into question at the time that might explain some of the controversial results found in the literature. A lack of response in the biobank network to warrant standard optimized procedures for the isolation, characterization, and storage of EXOs will undoubtedly lead to a waste of resources and failure. This review is aimed at highlighting the increasing importance of EXOs for the clinic, especially in the cancer field, and at summarizing the initiatives taken to improve current isolation procedures, classification criteria, and storage conditions of EXOs as an effort to identify technological demands that biobank platforms face for the incorporation of EXOs and other extracellular vesicle fractions as valuable biospecimens for research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Medicine—From Bench to Bedside)
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27 pages, 1871 KB  
Article
Hand Traces: Technical Aspects of Positive and Negative Hand-Marking in Rock Art
by Patricia Dobrez
Arts 2014, 3(4), 367-393; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts3040367 - 11 Dec 2014
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 12076
Abstract
Affordances necessary for the making of hand traces in the form of stencils and prints—primarily the availability of pigment and a suitable surface—bear on our understanding of their emergence as early exograms. Matters relating to the question of how pigment was/is applied, the [...] Read more.
Affordances necessary for the making of hand traces in the form of stencils and prints—primarily the availability of pigment and a suitable surface—bear on our understanding of their emergence as early exograms. Matters relating to the question of how pigment was/is applied, the placement and embellishment of images, the procurement and preparation of ochre, and the selecting and priming of surfaces, are discussed here—as well as the intriguing occurrence of variant hands. Advantage is taken of Australia’s position as a zone of ongoing hand-marking practice to suggest what can be learned from ethnography. Finally, avenues for future research are proposed with a view to opening out a discussion of external information storage possibilities in relation to hand traces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection World Rock Art)
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