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Keywords = downlink/uplink decoupling (DUDe)

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13 pages, 747 KB  
Article
Uplink-Centric DUDe for IoT and Industry 4.0
by Charalampos Chatzigeorgiou, Christos Bouras, Vasileios Kokkinos, Apostolos Gkamas and Philippos Pouyioutas
Electronics 2026, 15(8), 1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15081680 - 16 Apr 2026
Viewed by 342
Abstract
This study investigates Downlink/Uplink Decoupling (DUDe) in 5G networks, a framework that allows user equipment to select its uplink serving cell independently of the downlink anchor. This approach is designed to alleviate the “macro bias” and pathloss issues that typically degrade performance for [...] Read more.
This study investigates Downlink/Uplink Decoupling (DUDe) in 5G networks, a framework that allows user equipment to select its uplink serving cell independently of the downlink anchor. This approach is designed to alleviate the “macro bias” and pathloss issues that typically degrade performance for Internet of Things (IoT) traffic. We propose a framework managed by Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) that operates on a per-Transmission Time Interval (TTI) basis, incorporating stability mechanisms such as hysteresis and Time to Trigger to prevent frequent, unnecessary handovers. The performance is evaluated using a system-level simulator across two scenarios: a high-density urban IoT deployment and an Industry 4.0 smart factory environment. Our results demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly improves uplink throughput and reduces tail latency compared to traditional coupled association methods. Furthermore, an ablation study confirms that these performance gains are derived from the structural decoupling of links, providing a scalable path for improving connectivity in 5G and beyond. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Networks: 2025–2026 Edition)
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28 pages, 3209 KB  
Article
Energy Efficiency Optimization in Heterogeneous 5G Networks Using DUDe
by Chrysostomos-Athanasios Katsigiannis, Konstantinos Tsachrelias, Vasileios Kokkinos, Apostolos Gkamas, Christos Bouras and Philippos Pouyioutas
Electronics 2025, 14(23), 4641; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14234641 - 25 Nov 2025
Viewed by 866
Abstract
To meet the escalating data demands of 5G and beyond networks, densified Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) provide a promising solution, deploying small base stations for improved spectral and energy efficiency. However, HetNets pose challenges, particularly in user association. This journal introduces the Downlink/Uplink Decoupling [...] Read more.
To meet the escalating data demands of 5G and beyond networks, densified Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) provide a promising solution, deploying small base stations for improved spectral and energy efficiency. However, HetNets pose challenges, particularly in user association. This journal introduces the Downlink/Uplink Decoupling (DUDe) approach, which enhances uplink performance in HetNets by allowing different access points for uplink and downlink associations. We assess DUDe’s energy efficiency through extensive simulations across various scenarios, demonstrating substantial energy savings compared to centralized 5G systems. Our findings underscore the importance of energy-efficient design for reducing network operational costs and carbon footprint in 5G networks. In addition to energy efficiency gains, DUDe also offers improved resource allocation and network flexibility, making it a valuable solution for evolving wireless communication ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Networks: 2025–2026 Edition)
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