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Keywords = depletion (or recession) coefficient

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32 pages, 10102 KB  
Article
Are the Fouta Djallon Highlands Still the Water Tower of West Africa?
by Luc Descroix, Bakary Faty, Sylvie Paméla Manga, Ange Bouramanding Diedhiou, Laurent A. Lambert, Safietou Soumaré, Julien Andrieu, Andrew Ogilvie, Ababacar Fall, Gil Mahé, Fatoumata Binta Sombily Diallo, Amirou Diallo, Kadiatou Diallo, Jean Albergel, Bachir Alkali Tanimoun, Ilia Amadou, Jean-Claude Bader, Aliou Barry, Ansoumana Bodian, Yves Boulvert, Nadine Braquet, Jean-Louis Couture, Honoré Dacosta, Gwenaelle Dejacquelot, Mahamadou Diakité, Kourahoye Diallo, Eugenia Gallese, Luc Ferry, Lamine Konaté, Bernadette Nka Nnomo, Jean-Claude Olivry, Didier Orange, Yaya Sakho, Saly Sambou and Jean-Pierre Vandervaereadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Water 2020, 12(11), 2968; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12112968 - 22 Oct 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 10072
Abstract
A large share of surface water resources in Sahelian countries originates from Guinea’s Fouta Djallon highlands, earning the area the name of “the water tower of West Africa”. This paper aims to investigate the recent dynamics of the Fouta Djallon’s hydrological functioning. The [...] Read more.
A large share of surface water resources in Sahelian countries originates from Guinea’s Fouta Djallon highlands, earning the area the name of “the water tower of West Africa”. This paper aims to investigate the recent dynamics of the Fouta Djallon’s hydrological functioning. The evolution of the runoff and depletion coefficients are analyzed as well as their correlations with the rainfall and vegetation cover. The latter is described at three different space scales and with different methods. Twenty-five years after the end of the 1968–1993 major drought, annual discharges continue to slowly increase, nearly reaching a long-term average, as natural reservoirs which emptied to sustain streamflows during the drought have been replenishing since the 1990s, explaining the slow increase in discharges. However, another important trend has been detected since the beginning of the drought, i.e., the increase in the depletion coefficient of most of the Fouta Djallon upper basins, as a consequence of the reduction in the soil water-holding capacity. After confirming the pertinence and significance of this increase and subsequent decrease in the depletion coefficient, this paper identifies the factors possibly linked with the basins’ storage capacity trends. The densely populated areas of the summit plateau are also shown to be the ones where vegetation cover is not threatened and where ecological intensification of rural activities is ancient. Full article
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18 pages, 4403 KB  
Article
Earthquake-Induced Spring Discharge Modifications: The Pescara di Arquata Spring Reaction to the August–October 2016 Central Italy Earthquakes
by Daniela Valigi, Davide Fronzi, Costanza Cambi, Giulio Beddini, Carlo Cardellini, Roberto Checcucci, Lucia Mastrorillo, Francesco Mirabella and Alberto Tazioli
Water 2020, 12(3), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030767 - 10 Mar 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3839
Abstract
Co-seismic changes in groundwater regime are often observed after moderate to strong earthquakes. The 24 August 2016 Mw 6.0 extensional Amatrice earthquake, which was the first event of a long-lasting seismic sequence, including the 30 October 2016 Mw 6.5 Norcia event, [...] Read more.
Co-seismic changes in groundwater regime are often observed after moderate to strong earthquakes. The 24 August 2016 Mw 6.0 extensional Amatrice earthquake, which was the first event of a long-lasting seismic sequence, including the 30 October 2016 Mw 6.5 Norcia event, triggered a significant discharge alteration to the Pescara di Arquata spring, located in the Umbria-Marche Apennines (Northern Apennines, Central Italy) and exploited for drinking purposes. During the first five months after the first mainshock, an extra flow of about 30% was recorded, while both water chemistry and temperature did not show significant changes. Thereafter, the spring discharge decreased significantly, and at the end of 2019 it was still lower than normal. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) indicates that these low mean monthly discharge values are not related to particularly dry conditions. The increase in post-seismic depletion coefficients indicates that the aquifer empties faster than it did during the inter-seismic period. The observed transient increase and subsequent decrease of discharge are consistent with a transient, earthquake-related increase in hydraulic conductivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Scarcity)
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