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Keywords = computer-assisted surgical simulation (CASS)

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22 pages, 17891 KB  
Article
Influence of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Radiation Dose on Image Quality and Usability in Virtual Reality and Traditional Computer Interfaces
by Jorma Järnstedt, Helena Mehtonen, Jari Kangas, Kimmo Ronkainen, John Mäkelä, Sakarat Nalampang, Phattaranant Mahasantipiya, Arnon Charuakkra, Wannakamon Panyarak, Ahdiya Naderi, Irina Rinta-Kiikka and Roope Raisamo
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(10), 5007; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16105007 - 17 May 2026
Viewed by 178
Abstract
Computer-assisted surgical simulation (CASS) in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery is traditionally performed using a computer interface (CI) with a two-dimensional monitor, while the adoption of immersive virtual reality (VR) remains limited. This study examined how low-dose (LD) and high-dose (HD) cone beam computed tomography [...] Read more.
Computer-assisted surgical simulation (CASS) in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) surgery is traditionally performed using a computer interface (CI) with a two-dimensional monitor, while the adoption of immersive virtual reality (VR) remains limited. This study examined how low-dose (LD) and high-dose (HD) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging modes influence image quality and usability across both CI and VR environments. Five CMF radiologists rated CBCT views and 3D-segmented models on a 0–4 Likert scale, and intra- and interobserver agreement was calculated. VR usability was further assessed using the NASA Task Load Index and follow-up interviews. LD imaging performed comparably to HD in both interfaces, with slightly higher scores for CBCT views in LD mode. For 3D models, HD scored marginally higher in CI, whereas LD performed slightly better in VR. Observer agreement ranged from fair to excellent, and VR demonstrated reliability like CI. NASA-TLX results indicated reductions in mental and temporal demand, along with decreased effort and frustration during VR use, suggesting diminishing cognitive and emotional strain over time. In this pilot study, the findings suggest that LD CBCT may be feasible for selected CMF CASS applications and that VR offers an immersive and user-friendly alternative without compromising diagnostic reliability, supporting its potential role in future surgical planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Technology in Dentistry)
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11 pages, 3044 KB  
Article
Towards the Emergence of the Medical Metaverse: A Pilot Study on Shared Virtual Reality for Orthognathic–Surgical Planning
by Jari Kangas, Jorma Järnstedt, Kimmo Ronkainen, John Mäkelä, Helena Mehtonen, Pertti Huuskonen and Roope Raisamo
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031038 - 25 Jan 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2211
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) medical images are used for diagnosis and in surgical operation planning. Computer-assisted surgical simulations (CASS) are essential for complex surgical procedures that are often performed in an interdisciplinary manner. Traditionally, the participants study the designs on the same display. In 3D [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional (3D) medical images are used for diagnosis and in surgical operation planning. Computer-assisted surgical simulations (CASS) are essential for complex surgical procedures that are often performed in an interdisciplinary manner. Traditionally, the participants study the designs on the same display. In 3D virtual reality (VR) environments, the planner is wearing a head-mounted display (HMD). The designs can be then examined in VR by other persons wearing HMDs, which is a practical use case for the medical metaverse. A multi-user VR environment was built for the planning of an orthognathic–surgical (correction of facial skeleton) operation. Four domain experts (oral and maxillofacial radiologists) experimented with the pilot system and found it useful. It enabled easier observation of the model and a better understanding of the structures. There was a voice connection and co-operation during the procedure was natural. The planning task is complex, leading to a certain level of complexity in the user interface. Full article
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