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Keywords = clamped-beam probe

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17 pages, 10440 KB  
Article
Gap and Force Adjustment during Laser Beam Welding by Means of a Closed-Loop Control Utilizing Fixture-Integrated Sensors and Actuators
by Klaus Schricker, Leander Schmidt, Hannes Friedmann and Jean Pierre Bergmann
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2744; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042744 - 20 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3680
Abstract
The development of adaptive and intelligent clamping devices allows for the reduction of rejects and defects based on weld discontinuities in laser-beam welding. The utilization of fixture-integrated sensors and actuators is a new approach, realizing adaptive clamping devices that enable in-process data acquisition [...] Read more.
The development of adaptive and intelligent clamping devices allows for the reduction of rejects and defects based on weld discontinuities in laser-beam welding. The utilization of fixture-integrated sensors and actuators is a new approach, realizing adaptive clamping devices that enable in-process data acquisition and a time-dependent adjustment of process conditions and workpiece position by means of a closed-loop control. The present work focused on sensor and actuator integration for an adaptive clamping device utilized for laser-beam welding in a butt-joint configuration, in which the position and acting forces of the sheets to be welded can be adjusted during the process (studied welding speeds: 1 m/min, 5 m/min). Therefore, a novel clamping system was designed allowing for the integration of inductive probes and force cells for obtaining time-dependent data of the joint gap and resulting forces during welding due to the displacement of the sheets. A novel automation engineering concept allowed the communication between different sensors, actuators and the laser-beam welding setup based on an EtherCAT bus. The subsequent development of a position control and a force control and their combination was operated with a real time PC as master in the bus system and proved the feasibility of the approach based on proportional controllers. Finally, the scalability regarding higher welding speeds was demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Material Processing and Thermal Joining Process)
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11 pages, 2235 KB  
Article
Measurement of Interfacial Adhesion Force with a 3D-Printed Fiber-Tip Microforce Sensor
by Mengqiang Zou, Changrui Liao, Yanping Chen, Zongsong Gan, Shen Liu, Dejun Liu, Li Liu and Yiping Wang
Biosensors 2022, 12(8), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12080629 - 11 Aug 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3499
Abstract
With the current trend of device miniaturization, the measurement and control of interfacial adhesion forces are increasingly important in fields such as biomechanics and cell biology. However, conventional fiber optic force sensors with high Young’s modulus (>70 GPa) are usually unable to measure [...] Read more.
With the current trend of device miniaturization, the measurement and control of interfacial adhesion forces are increasingly important in fields such as biomechanics and cell biology. However, conventional fiber optic force sensors with high Young’s modulus (>70 GPa) are usually unable to measure adhesion forces on the micro- or nano-Newton level on the surface of micro/nanoscale structures. Here, we demonstrate a method for interfacial adhesion force measurement in micro/nanoscale structures using a fiber-tip microforce sensor (FTMS). The FTMS, with microforce sensitivity of 1.05 nm/μN and force resolution of up to 19 nN, is fabricated using femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization nanolithography to program a clamped-beam probe on the end face of a single-mode fiber. As a typical verification test, the micronewton-level contact and noncontact adhesion forces on the surfaces of hydrogels were measured by FTMS. In addition, the noncontact adhesion of human hair was successfully measured with the sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices)
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10 pages, 1366 KB  
Article
Analysis of Vibration Frequency of Carbon Nanotubes used as Nano-Force Sensors Considering Clamped Boundary Condition
by Toshiaki Natsuki and Kairi Urakami
Electronics 2019, 8(10), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101082 - 24 Sep 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3580
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used as atomic force microscope (AFM) probes since they are ideal tip materials with a small diameter, high aspect ratio, and stiffness. In this study, a model of CNTs clamped in an elastic medium is proposed as nanoscale [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be used as atomic force microscope (AFM) probes since they are ideal tip materials with a small diameter, high aspect ratio, and stiffness. In this study, a model of CNTs clamped in an elastic medium is proposed as nanoscale force sensing AFM probes. The relationship between vibration frequency and axial force of the CNT probe clamped in an elastic medium is analyzed based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam model and the Whitney-Riley model. The clamped length of CNTs, and the elastic modulus of elastic medium affect largely on the vibration and the buckling stability of a CNT AFM probe. The result showed that the sensitivity to vibration increases as the applied loads increase. The critical load in which the vibration frequency decreases rapidly, moving to large ones with decreasing ratio of length to diameter of CNTs. The theoretical investigation on the vibration frequency of CNT loaded in the axial direction would give a useful reference for designing a CNT used as a nano-force sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Semiconductor Devices)
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13 pages, 3358 KB  
Article
Opto-thermally Excited Fabry-Perot Resonance Frequency Behaviors of Clamped Circular Graphene Membrane
by Fu-Tao Shi, Shang-Chun Fan, Cheng Li and Zi-Ang Li
Nanomaterials 2019, 9(4), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9040563 - 7 Apr 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3997
Abstract
An opto-thermally excited optical fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonant probe with suspended clamped circular graphene diaphragm is presented in this paper. Then, the dependence of resonance frequency behaviors of graphene diaphragm upon opto-mechanical factors including membrane properties, laser excitation parameters and film boundary conditions [...] Read more.
An opto-thermally excited optical fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonant probe with suspended clamped circular graphene diaphragm is presented in this paper. Then, the dependence of resonance frequency behaviors of graphene diaphragm upon opto-mechanical factors including membrane properties, laser excitation parameters and film boundary conditions are investigated via COMSOL Multiphysics simulation. The results show that the radius and thickness of membrane will linearly affect the optical fiber light-induced temperature distribution, thus resulting in rapidly decreasing resonance frequency changes with the radius-to-thickness ratio. Moreover, the prestress can be regulated in the range of 108 Pa to 109 Pa by altering the environmental temperature with a scale factor of 14.2 MPa/K. It is important to note that the availability of F-P resonant probe with a defective clamped circular graphene membrane can be improved notably by fabricating the defected circular membrane to a double-end clamped beam, which gives a broader perspective to characterize the resonance performance of opto-thermally excited F-P resonators. Full article
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