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Keywords = ciliate–prokaryote association

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16 pages, 923 KB  
Article
Preliminary Study on the Impact of Ruminal Ciliate Inoculation in Fauna-Free Conditions on the Ruminal Fermentation and Ciliate–Prokaryote Association In Vitro
by Geonwoo Kim, Woohyung Lee and Tansol Park
Fermentation 2025, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11010028 - 11 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1648
Abstract
Ruminants rely on the rumen for the anaerobic fermentation of fibrous plant materials, facilitated by a complex microbial community of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and ciliates. Among them, ruminal ciliates significantly influence ruminal fermentation, methane production, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and microbial interactions. This study [...] Read more.
Ruminants rely on the rumen for the anaerobic fermentation of fibrous plant materials, facilitated by a complex microbial community of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and ciliates. Among them, ruminal ciliates significantly influence ruminal fermentation, methane production, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and microbial interactions. This study examined the impact of ciliate inoculation on ruminal fermentation, microbial composition, and functional profiles in fauna-free conditions. Six treatments were tested: control (no ciliates), small entodinia, Epidinium spp., isotrichids, Ophryoscolex spp., and a mixed inoculum. Using QIIME2 to analyze 16S rRNA gene sequences, the study revealed group-specific effects on methane production, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microbial diversity. Small entodinia inoculation increased Streptococcus abundance, while isotrichids enriched Megasphaera, enhancing butyrate production. Alpha diversity indices indicated reduced richness in the ciliate-inoculated groups, reflecting predation on prokaryotes. Beta diversity showed distinct microbial and functional profiles among the treatments. Functional analysis highlighted elevated glycerolipid metabolism in isotrichid groups, associated with Bacteroides and Megasphaera, suggesting roles in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress resistance. Despite limited ciliate cell counts, the study emphasizes ciliate-specific interactions and the role of lactic acid-associated bacteria in shaping ruminal fermentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminal Fermentation)
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15 pages, 2218 KB  
Article
The Response of Heterotrophic Prokaryote and Viral Communities to Labile Organic Carbon Inputs Is Controlled by the Predator Food Chain Structure
by Ruth-Anne Sandaa, Bernadette Pree, Aud Larsen, Selina Våge, Birte Töpper, Joachim P. Töpper, Runar Thyrhaug and Tron Frede Thingstad
Viruses 2017, 9(9), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/v9090238 - 23 Aug 2017
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6689
Abstract
Factors controlling the community composition of marine heterotrophic prokaryotes include organic-C, mineral nutrients, predation, and viral lysis. Two mesocosm experiments, performed at an Arctic location and bottom-up manipulated with organic-C, had very different results in community composition for both prokaryotes and viruses. Previously, [...] Read more.
Factors controlling the community composition of marine heterotrophic prokaryotes include organic-C, mineral nutrients, predation, and viral lysis. Two mesocosm experiments, performed at an Arctic location and bottom-up manipulated with organic-C, had very different results in community composition for both prokaryotes and viruses. Previously, we showed how a simple mathematical model could reproduce food web level dynamics observed in these mesocosms, demonstrating strong top-down control through the predator chain from copepods via ciliates and heterotrophic nanoflagellates. Here, we use a steady-state analysis to connect ciliate biomass to bacterial carbon demand. This gives a coupling of top-down and bottom-up factors whereby low initial densities of ciliates are associated with mineral nutrient-limited heterotrophic prokaryotes that do not respond to external supply of labile organic-C. In contrast, high initial densities of ciliates give carbon-limited growth and high responsiveness to organic-C. The differences observed in ciliate abundance, and in prokaryote abundance and community composition in the two experiments were in accordance with these predictions. Responsiveness in the viral community followed a pattern similar to that of prokaryotes. Our study provides a unique link between the structure of the predator chain in the microbial food web and viral abundance and diversity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Viruses 2016)
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