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In this study, we tried to form the calcareous deposit films by the electrodeposition process. The uniform and compact calcareous deposit films were formed by electrodeposition process and their crystal structure and characteristics were analyzed and evaluated using various surface analytical techniques. The mechanism of formation for the calcareous deposit films could be confirmed and the role of magnesium was verified by experiments in artificial and natural seawater solutions. The highest amount of the calcareous deposit film was obtained at 5 A/m² while current densities between 1–3 A/m² facilitated the formation of the most uniform and dense layers. In addition, the adhesion characteristics were found to be the best at 3 A/m². The excellent characteristics of the calcareous deposit films were obtained when the dense film of brucite-Mg(OH)₂ and metastable aragonite-CaCO₃ was formed in the appropriate ratio. Full article

The change of protective current density, the formation and growth of calcareous deposits, and the evolution of passive film on 304 stainless steel (SS) were investigated at different potentials of cathodic polarization in sea water. Potentiostatic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and surface analysis techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the surface conditions. It was found that the protective current density was smaller for keeping polarization at −0.80 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE), same as below) than that at −0.65 V. The calcareous deposits could not be formed on 304 SS with polarization at −0.50 V while it was well protected. The formation rate, the morphology, and the constituent of the calcareous deposits depended on the applied potential. The resistance of passive film on 304 SS decreased at the first stage and then increased when polarized at −0.80 V and −0.65 V, which was related to the reduction and the repair of passive film. For the stainless steel polarized at −0.50 V, the film resistance increased with polarization time, indicating that the growth of oxide film was promoted. Full article

Calcareous deposits were formed on steel under conditions of cathodic protection in artificial seawater at applied constant current densities ranging from 50 to 400 mA·m⁻². The calcareous layers were characterized using a Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG SEM) in conjunction with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). At cathodic current densities of 50–100 mA·m⁻² where corrosion was still occurring, a clear correlation existed between the iron containing corrosion product and the overlying magnesium hydroxide layer. This revealed that the mapping of magnesium rich areas on a steel surface can be used in the identification of local corrosion sites. At current densities of 150–200 mA·m⁻², a layered deposit was shown to occur consisting of an inner magnesium-containing layer and an outer calcium-containing layer. At current densities of 300–400 mA·m⁻², intense hydrogen bubbling through macroscopic pores in the deposits gave rise to cracking of the deposited film. Under such conditions deposits do not have a well-defined double layer structure. There is also preferential formation of magnesium-rich compounds near the steel surface at the early stages of polarisation and within the developing pores and cracks of calcareous deposits later on. Based on SEM/EDX investigation of calcareous depositions the impedance model was proposed and used to monitor in situ variations in steel corrosion resistance, and to calculate the thickness of formed deposits using the length of oxygen diffusion paths. Full article