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Alluvial–proluvial parent-material soils are widely distributed in the Qinghai Lake Basin; however, their timing of development and associated climatic background remain poorly constrained. In this study, two representative alluvial–proluvial fan-covered soil profiles (QRZQ and YXC) from the Qinghai Lake Basin were investigated. Quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was combined with analyses of grain-size composition and soil organic carbon (SOC) to constrain the timing of soil development and its climatic background. The results show that the studied soil profiles are mainly characterized by Ah–As–C and Ah–A–C horizon configurations, with soil development spanning from 15.7 to 1.0 ka. The underlying alluvial–proluvial parent material of the QRZQ profile formed during the Last deglaciation, whereas the oldest OSL ages in the YXC profile occur within a weakly developed A horizon, indicating that this profile had already transitioned from a depositional environment to a pedogenic environment during the Last deglaciation. This contrast reflects staged differences between depositional and pedogenic processes within alluvial–proluvial settings. The soils were formed through upbuilding pedogenesis, in which sediment accumulation and top-down pedogenic modification proceeded concurrently. Grain-size composition and SOC characteristics further indicate that the depositional environment of the YXC profile was relatively stable. Integrating the obtained chronological results with regional climatic changes suggests that climate variability in the Qinghai Lake Basin exerted a primary control on the transformation between sedimentary processes and soil development. In particular, the Late Holocene (0–4 ka), characterized by a generally cold–dry climate accompanied by pronounced humidity fluctuations, represents an important pedogenic stage for alluvial–proluvial parent-material soils in the Qinghai Lake Basin. This study provides a robust chronological framework for further investigating the mechanisms of soil development in alluvial–proluvial environments from a climatic perspective. Full article