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Keywords = agarose microgel

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15 pages, 2605 KiB  
Review
Gel-Based Suspension Medium Used in 3D Bioprinting for Constructing Tissue/Organ Analogs
by Yang Luo, Rong Xu, Zeming Hu, Renhao Ni, Tong Zhu, Hua Zhang and Yabin Zhu
Gels 2024, 10(10), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10100644 - 10 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1944
Abstract
Constructing tissue/organ analogs with natural structures and cell types in vitro offers a valuable strategy for the in situ repair of damaged tissues/organs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a flexible method for fabricating these analogs. However, extrusion-based 3D bioprinting faces the challenge of balancing [...] Read more.
Constructing tissue/organ analogs with natural structures and cell types in vitro offers a valuable strategy for the in situ repair of damaged tissues/organs. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a flexible method for fabricating these analogs. However, extrusion-based 3D bioprinting faces the challenge of balancing the use of soft bioinks with the need for high-fidelity geometric shapes. To address these challenges, recent advancements have introduced various suspension mediums based on gelatin, agarose, and gellan gum microgels. The emergence of these gel-based suspension mediums has significantly advanced the fabrication of tissue/organ constructs using 3D bioprinting. They effectively stabilize and support soft bioinks, enabling the formation of complex spatial geometries. Moreover, they provide a stable, cell-friendly environment that maximizes cell viability during the printing process. This minireview will summarize the properties, preparation methods, and potential applications of gel-based suspension mediums in constructing tissue/organ analogs, while also addressing current challenges and providing an outlook on the future of 3D bioprinting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing of Gel-Based Materials)
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13 pages, 2601 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of 3D GelMA Scaffolds Using Agarose Microgel Embedded Printing
by Bo Yang, Tianqi Liu, Ge Gao, Xianglin Zhang and Bin Wu
Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi13030469 - 18 Mar 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4762
Abstract
Photocrosslinked Gelatin–Methacryloyl (GelMA) has been widely used in the field of 3D bioprinting due to its excellent biological properties, but its properties are not yet optimized. With the advent of embedded printing, the balance between hydrogel printability and cell viability is expected to [...] Read more.
Photocrosslinked Gelatin–Methacryloyl (GelMA) has been widely used in the field of 3D bioprinting due to its excellent biological properties, but its properties are not yet optimized. With the advent of embedded printing, the balance between hydrogel printability and cell viability is expected to be achieved. Agarose microgel is a good support material because of its simple preparation, good biocompatibility, high melting point, and good rheology. In this study, aiming at realizing a GelMA/Agarose suspension printing system, the printing effect of the suspension process was explored, and a suitable process printing window was defined. The resulting scaffolds showed better water absorption and elasticity, but larger deformation during printing. This study explored some potential roles of suspension baths in embedded printing, paving the way for the preparation of good suspension structures that can be convenient for customized tissue engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biofabrication Technologies)
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18 pages, 2480 KiB  
Article
Metabolomic Profiling and Mechanotransduction of Single Chondrocytes Encapsulated in Alginate Microgels
by Jacob P. Fredrikson, Priyanka P. Brahmachary, Ayten E. Erdoğan, Zachary K. Archambault, James N. Wilking, Ronald K. June and Connie B. Chang
Cells 2022, 11(5), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11050900 - 5 Mar 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4228
Abstract
Articular cartilage is comprised of two main components, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the pericellular matrix (PCM). The PCM helps to protect chondrocytes in the cartilage from mechanical loads, but in patients with osteoarthritis, the PCM is weakened, resulting in increased chondrocyte stress. [...] Read more.
Articular cartilage is comprised of two main components, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the pericellular matrix (PCM). The PCM helps to protect chondrocytes in the cartilage from mechanical loads, but in patients with osteoarthritis, the PCM is weakened, resulting in increased chondrocyte stress. As chondrocytes are responsible for matrix synthesis and maintenance, it is important to understand how mechanical loads affect the cellular responses of chondrocytes. Many studies have examined chondrocyte responses to in vitro mechanical loading by embedding chondrocytes in 3-D hydrogels. However, these experiments are mostly performed in the absence of PCM, which may obscure important responses to mechanotransduction. Here, drop-based microfluidics is used to culture single chondrocytes in alginate microgels for cell-directed PCM synthesis that closely mimics the in vivo microenvironment. Chondrocytes formed PCM over 10 days in these single-cell 3-D microenvironments. Mechanotransduction studies were performed, in which single-cell microgels mimicking the cartilage PCM were embedded in high-stiffness agarose. After physiological dynamic compression in a custom-built bioreactor, microgels exhibited distinct metabolomic profiles from both uncompressed and monolayer controls. These results demonstrate the potential of single cell encapsulation in alginate microgels to advance cartilage tissue engineering and basic chondrocyte mechanobiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Therapies in Orthopaedics)
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