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Keywords = V Egyptian dynasty

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13 pages, 1458 KB  
Article
The 1 April 2471 b.C. Eclipse and the End of the Fourth Egyptian Dynasty
by Giulio Magli
Heritage 2025, 8(11), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8110492 - 20 Nov 2025
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Abstract
On 1 April 2471 b.C., an impressive, unpredictable phenomenon occurred over the Delta of the Nile: a total solar eclipse, with the totality band almost centred on the sacred city of Buto, and the “capital” Memphis on the verge of the totality. This [...] Read more.
On 1 April 2471 b.C., an impressive, unpredictable phenomenon occurred over the Delta of the Nile: a total solar eclipse, with the totality band almost centred on the sacred city of Buto, and the “capital” Memphis on the verge of the totality. This date is compatible with existing chronologies for the reign of Pharaoh Shepseskaf, who adopted a clamorous symbolic break with respect to the tradition of “solarized” kings started by Khufu. Indeed, his tomb was not built in view from Heliopolis and was not a pyramid, but a kind of unique monument resembling the symbolic shrine at Buto. The aim of the present paper is to investigate in a systematic way the possibility that the origin of this historical and architectural passage, which marks the end of the Fourth Dynasty, can be identified precisely in the 2471 b.C. eclipse, therefore furnishing a new astronomical anchor for the chronology of the Old Kingdom. Full article
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18 pages, 13042 KB  
Article
Visuality of the Invisible: The Image of Medjed in Sources of the 21st Dynasty
by Mykola Tarasenko
Arts 2025, 14(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts14040087 - 6 Aug 2025
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Abstract
This paper discusses iconographic features of the deity or “demon” Medjed (Mḏd). The specific and unusual image of this character is only found during the 21st Dynasty and is unknown in the funerary art of the New Kingdom and Late Period. [...] Read more.
This paper discusses iconographic features of the deity or “demon” Medjed (Mḏd). The specific and unusual image of this character is only found during the 21st Dynasty and is unknown in the funerary art of the New Kingdom and Late Period. Only oneYe coffin and nine papyri are known in which the image of Medjed is depicted. Eight are in the context of Spell 17 of the Book of the Dead. In the text of Spell 17, Medjed is described in lines 71–72 of Grapow’s Urk. V Abschnitt 24. The “invisibility” of this “demon” is evidently the reason for his unusual iconography: Medjed has a conical shaped body, with human legs. Although he does not have a true head, his eyes are indicated, and he wears a belt. Equally the deity could be depicted as a figure covered entirely in a conical cover except for the eyes and feet, which are visible. This curious treatment can be understood as an attempt by Egyptian artists to depict an invisible being. Full article
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