The
Z-function is the real function given by
, where
is the Riemann zeta function, and
is the Riemann–Siegel theta function. The function, central to the study of the Riemann hypothesis (RH), has traditionally posed significant computational challenges. This research addresses these challenges by exploring new methods for approximating
and its zeros. The sections of
are given by
for any
. Classically, these sections approximate the
Z-function via the Hardy–Littlewood approximate functional equation (AFE)
for
. While historically important, the Hardy–Littlewood AFE does not sufficiently discern the RH and requires further evaluation of the Riemann–Siegel formula. An alternative, less common, is
for
, which is Spira’s approximation using higher-order sections. Spira conjectured, based on experimental observations, that this approximation satisfies the RH in the sense that all of its zeros are real. We present a proof of Spira’s conjecture using a new approximate equation with exponentially decaying error, recently developed by us via new techniques of acceleration of series. This establishes that higher-order approximations do not need further Riemann–Siegel type corrections, as in the classical case, enabling new theoretical methods for studying the zeros of zeta beyond numerics.
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