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30 pages, 6492 KiB  
Review
Diversity, Distribution, and Evolution of Bioluminescent Fungi
by Brian A. Perry, Dennis E. Desjardin and Cassius V. Stevani
J. Fungi 2025, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11010019 - 31 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5060
Abstract
All known bioluminescent fungi are basidiomycetes belonging to the Agaricales. They emit 520–530 nm wavelength light 24 h per day in a circadian rhythm. The number of known bioluminescent fungi has more than doubled in the past 15 years from 64 to 132 [...] Read more.
All known bioluminescent fungi are basidiomycetes belonging to the Agaricales. They emit 520–530 nm wavelength light 24 h per day in a circadian rhythm. The number of known bioluminescent fungi has more than doubled in the past 15 years from 64 to 132 species. We currently recognize five distinct lineages of bioluminescent Agaricales belonging to the Omphalotaceae (18 species), Physalacriaceae (14), Mycenaceae (96), Lucentipes lineage (3), and Cyphellopsidaceae (1). They are distributed across the globe with the highest diversity occurring on woody or leafy substrates in subtropical closed canopy forests with high plant diversity. With the caveat that most regions of the world have not been extensively sampled for bioluminescent fungi, the areas with the most known species are Japan (36), South America (30), North America (27), Malesia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia (26), Europe (23), Central America (21), China (13), Africa (10), Australasia, Papua New Guinea, and New Caledonia (11), and the Pacific Islands (5). Recent studies have elucidated the biochemical and genetic pathways of fungal bioluminescence and suggest the phenomenon originated a single time early in the evolution of the Agaricales. Multiple independent evolutionary losses explain the absence of luminescence in many species found within the five lineages and in the majority of Agaricales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)
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21 pages, 3367 KiB  
Article
Morphological Systematics of Spathoglottis Blume (Orchidaceae: Collabieae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo
by Farah Alia Nordin, Akmal Raffi, Rusea Go, Christina Seok Yien Yong, Kartini Saibeh and Ahmad Sofiman Othman
Forests 2023, 14(5), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050940 - 3 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2256
Abstract
Seventy-two morphological characters and three ecological characteristics were measured to assess variation and phylogenetic relationships among twelve species and three infraspecific taxa of the genus Spathoglottis from Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. The morphological analyses divided Spathoglottis into two main groups based on the [...] Read more.
Seventy-two morphological characters and three ecological characteristics were measured to assess variation and phylogenetic relationships among twelve species and three infraspecific taxa of the genus Spathoglottis from Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. The morphological analyses divided Spathoglottis into two main groups based on the colours of the flower: Purple-Flowered Spathoglottis and Yellow-Flowered Spathoglottis. Species within the two groupings were further classified based on the size of the plants (Large/Dwarf Purple Spathoglottis and Large/Dwarf Yellow Spathoglottis) and the shapes of the labellum (spathulate, bilobulate or narrow/thread–like). The selected morphological characters appeared to support the taxonomic boundaries between two mostly debated taxa in the genus, S. aurea and S. microchilina. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Molecular Biology)
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53 pages, 6773 KiB  
Article
Diversity, Distribution, Systematics and Conservation Status of Podocarpaceae
by Raees Khan, Robert S. Hill, Jie Liu and Ed Biffin
Plants 2023, 12(5), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051171 - 3 Mar 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7762
Abstract
Among conifer families, Podocarpaceae is the second largest, with amazing diversity and functional traits, and it is the dominant Southern Hemisphere conifer family. However, comprehensive studies on diversity, distribution, systematic and ecophysiological aspects of the Podocarpaceae are sparse. We aim to outline and [...] Read more.
Among conifer families, Podocarpaceae is the second largest, with amazing diversity and functional traits, and it is the dominant Southern Hemisphere conifer family. However, comprehensive studies on diversity, distribution, systematic and ecophysiological aspects of the Podocarpaceae are sparse. We aim to outline and evaluate the current and past diversity, distribution, systematics, ecophysiological adaptations, endemism, and conservation status of podocarps. We analyzed data on the diversity and distribution of living and extinct macrofossil taxa and combined it with genetic data to reconstruct an updated phylogeny and understand historical biogeography. Podocarpaceae today contains 20 genera and approximately 219 taxa (201 species, 2 subspecies, 14 varieties and 2 hybrids) placed in three clades, plus a paraphyletic group/grade of four distinct genera. Macrofossil records show the presence of more than 100 podocarp taxa globally, dominantly from the Eocene–Miocene. Australasia (New Caledonia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Malesia) is the hotspot of living podocarps diversity. Podocarps also show remarkable adaptations from broad to scale leaves, fleshy seed cones, animal dispersal, shrubs to large trees, from lowland to alpine regions and rheophyte to a parasite (including the only parasitic gymnosperm—Parasitaxus) and a complex pattern of seed and leaf functional trait evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Plant Diversification and Biosystematics)
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21 pages, 3084 KiB  
Article
Vicariance and Oceanic Barriers Drive Contemporary Genetic Structure of Widespread Mangrove Species Sonneratia alba J. Sm in the Indo-West Pacific
by Alison K. S. Wee, Jessica Xian Hui Teo, Jasher L. Chua, Koji Takayama, Takeshi Asakawa, Sankararamasubramanian H. Meenakshisundaram, Onrizal, Bayu Adjie, Erwin Riyanto Ardli, Sarawood Sungkaew, Monica Suleiman, Nguyen Xuan Tung, Severino G. Salmo, Orlex Baylen Yllano, M. Nazre Saleh, Khin Khin Soe, Yoichi Tateishi, Yasuyuki Watano, Yoshiaki Tsuda, Tadashi Kajita and Edward L. Webbadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Forests 2017, 8(12), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120483 - 6 Dec 2017
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8369
Abstract
Patterns of genetic structure are essential for a comprehensive understanding of the evolution and biogeography of a species. Here, we investigated the genetic patterns of one of the most widespread and abundant mangrove species in the Indo-West Pacific, Sonneratia alba J. Sm., in [...] Read more.
Patterns of genetic structure are essential for a comprehensive understanding of the evolution and biogeography of a species. Here, we investigated the genetic patterns of one of the most widespread and abundant mangrove species in the Indo-West Pacific, Sonneratia alba J. Sm., in order to gain insights into the ecological and evolutionary drivers of genetic structure in mangroves. We employed 11 nuclear microsatellite loci and two chloroplast regions to genotyped 25 S. alba populations. Our objectives were to (1) assess the level of genetic diversity and its geographic distribution; and (2) determine the genetic structure of the populations. Our results revealed significant genetic differentiation among populations. We detected a major genetic break between Indo-Malesia and Australasia, and further population subdivision within each oceanic region in these two major clusters. The phylogeographic patterns indicated a strong influence of vicariance, oceanic barriers and geographic distance on genetic structure. In addition, we found low genetic diversity and high genetic drift at range edge. This study advances the scope of mangrove biogeography by demonstrating a unique scenario whereby a widespread species has limited dispersal and high genetic divergence among populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
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