Industrial Control Systems (ICS) are fundamental to the operation, monitoring, and automation of critical infrastructure in sectors such as energy, water utilities, manufacturing, transportation, and oil and gas. According to the Purdue Model, ICS en...
The deployment of large language models (LLMs) in closed-network industrial environments remains constrained by privacy and connectivity limitations. This study presents a retrieval-augmented question-answering system designed to operate entirely off...
Multi-station integration is motivated by the requirements of distributed energies interconnection and improvements in the efficiency of energy systems. Due to the diversity of communication services and the complexity of data exchanges between in-of...
In the increasingly complex cyber-environment, appropriate sustainable maintenance of substation auto systems (SASs) can lead to many positive effects on power cyber-physical systems (CPSs). Evaluating the cybersecurity risk of power CPSs is the firs...
Digital substations, also referred to as modern power grid substations, utilize the IEC 61850 station and process bus in conjunction with IP-based communication. This includes communication with switch yard equipment within the substation as well as...
Increased connectivity is required to implement novel coordination and control schemes. IEC 61850-based communication solutions have become popular due to many reasons—object-oriented modeling capability, interoperable connectivity and strong communi...
Rapid progress of computing and info-communication technologies (ICT) has changed the ecosystem of power production and delivery. Today, an energy network is a complex set of interrelated devices and information systems covering all areas of electric...
As the number of active components increase, distribution networks become harder to control. Microgrids are proposed to divide large networks into smaller, more manageable portions. The benefits of using microgrids are multiple; the cost of installat...