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26 pages, 4366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

G20 Countries and Sustainable Development: Do They Live up to Their Promises on CO₂ Emissions?

by Rafael Freitas Souza, Henrique Camano Rodrigues Cal, Fabiano Guasti Lima, Hamilton Luiz Corrêa, Francisco Lledo Santos and Rodrigo Bruno Zanin

Processes 2024, 12(9), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092023 - 19 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1375

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze and measure idiosyncratic differences in CO₂ emission trends over time and between the different geographical contexts of the G20 signatory countries and to assess whether these countries are fulfilling their carbon emission reduction commitments, as stipulated in the G20 sustainable development agendas. To this end, a multilevel mixed-effects model was used, considering CO₂ emissions data from 1950 to 2021 sourced from the World Bank. The research model captured approximately 93.05% of the joint variance in the data and showed (i) a positive relationship between the increase in CO₂ emissions and the creation of the G20 [CI90: +0.0080; + 0.1317]; (ii) that every year, CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere are increased by an average of 0.0165 [CI95: +0.0009; +0.0321] billion tons by the G20 countries; (iii) that only Germany, France, and the United Kingdom have demonstrated a commitment to CO₂ emissions reduction, showing a decreasing rate of CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere; and (iv) that there seems to be a mismatch between the speed at which the G20 proposes climate policies and the speed at which these countries emit CO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Modern Carbon-Negative Technologies for CO₂ Capture)

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10 pages, 1098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Evolution of CO₂ Emissions in Bahrain with Automated Forecasting Methods

by Cristiana Tudor

Sustainability 2016, 8(9), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090923 - 9 Sep 2016

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 9371

Abstract

The 2012 Doha meeting established the continuation of the Kyoto protocol, the legally-binding global agreement under which signatory countries had agreed to reduce their carbon emissions. Contrary to this assumed obligation, all G20 countries with the exception of France and the UK saw significant increases in their CO₂ emissions over the last 25 years, surpassing 300% in the case of China. This paper attempts to forecast the evolution of carbon dioxide emissions in Bahrain over the 2012–2021 decade by employing seven Automated Forecasting Methods, including the exponential smoothing state space model (ETS), the Holt–Winters Model, the BATS/TBATS model, ARIMA, the structural time series model (STS), the naive model, and the neural network time series forecasting method (NNAR). Results indicate a reversal of the current decreasing trend of pollution in the country, with a point estimate of 2309 metric tons per capita at the end of 2020 and 2317 at the end of 2021, as compared to the 1934 level achieved in 2010. The country’s baseline level corresponding to year 1990 (as specified by the Doha amendment of the Kyoto protocol) is approximately 25.54 metric tons per capita, which implies a maximum level of 20.96 metric tons per capita for the year 2020 (corresponding to a decrease of 18% relative to the baseline level) in order for Bahrain to comply with the protocol. Our results therefore suggest that Bahrain cannot meet its assumed target. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution Monitoring and Sustainable Development)

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