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A comparative karyotype analysis of four species of yellow-flowered Eranthis sect. Eranthis, i.e., E. bulgarica, E. cilicica, E. hyemalis, and E. longistipitata from different areas, has been carried out for the first time. All the studied specimens had somatic chromosome number 2n = 16 with basic chromosome number x = 8. Karyotypes of the investigated plants included five pairs of metacentric chromosomes and three pairs of submetacentric/subtelocentric chromosomes. The chromosome sets of the investigated species differ mainly in the ratio of submetacentric/subtelocentric chromosomes, their relative lengths, and arm ratios. A new oligonucleotide probe was developed and tested to detect 45S rDNA clusters. Using this probe and an oligonucleotide probe to 5S rDNA, 45S and 5S rDNA clusters were localized for the first time on chromosomes of E. cilicica, E. hyemalis, and E. longistipitata. Major 45S rDNA clusters were identified on satellite chromosomes in all the species; in E. cilicica, minor clusters were also identified in the terminal regions of one metacentric chromosome pair. The number and distribution of 5S rDNA clusters is more specific. In E. cilicica, two major clusters were identified in the pericentromeric region of a pair of metacentric chromosomes. Two major clusters in the pericentromeric region of a pair of submetacentric chromosomes and two major clusters in the interstitial region of a pair of metacentric chromosomes were observed in E. longistipitata. E. hyemalis has many clusters of different sizes, localized mainly in the pericentromeric regions. Summarizing new data on the karyotype structure of E. sect. Eranthis and previously obtained data on E. sect. Shibateranthis allowed conclusions to be formed about the clear interspecific karyological differences of the genus Eranthis. Full article

Phytochemical analysis of the tubers of Eranthis cilicica was performed as part of our continuous study on the plants of the family Ranunculaceae, which resulted in the isolation of eleven new cycloartane glycosides (1–11) and one new oleanane glycoside (13), together with one known oleanane glycoside (12). The structures of the new compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including two-dimensional (2D) NMR, and enzymatic hydrolysis followed by either X-ray crystallographic or chromatographic analysis. The aglycone (1a) of 2 and its C-23 epimer (8a), and the oleanane glycosides (12 and 13) showed cytotoxic activity against HL-60 leukemia cells with IC₅₀ values ranging from 10.6 μM to 101.6 μM. HL-60 cells were much more sensitive to 8a (IC₅₀ 14.8 μM) than 1a (IC₅₀ 101.1 μM), indicating that the C-23 configuration is associated with the cytotoxicity of these cycloartane derivatives. Compound 12 was revealed so as to partially induce apoptotic cell death in HL-60 cells, as was evident from morphology of HL-60 cells treated with 12. Full article