MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

22 pages, 2541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Channel Interaction Mamba-Guided Generative Adversarial Network for Depth-Image-Based Rendering 3D Image Watermarking

by Qingmo Chen, Zhongxing Sun, Rui Bai and Chongchong Jin

Electronics 2025, 14(10), 2050; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14102050 - 18 May 2025

Viewed by 468

In the field of 3D technology, depth-image-based rendering (DIBR) has been widely adopted due to its inherent advantages including low data volume and strong compatibility. However, during network transmission of DIBR 3D images, both center and virtual views are susceptible to unauthorized copying and distribution. To protect the copyright of these images, this paper proposes a channel interaction mamba-guided generative adversarial network (CIMGAN) for DIBR 3D image watermarking. To capture cross-modal feature dependencies, a channel interaction mamba (CIM) is designed. This module enables lightweight cross-modal channel interaction through a channel exchange mechanism and leverages mamba for global modeling of RGB and depth information. In addition, a feature fusion module (FFM) is devised to extract complementary information from cross-modal features and eliminate redundant information, ultimately generating high-quality 3D image features. These features are used to generate an attention map, enhancing watermark invisibility and identifying robust embedding regions. Compared to the current state-of-the-art (SOTA) 3D image watermarking methods, the proposed watermark model shows superior performance in terms of robustness and invisibility while maintaining computational efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Deep Learning for Computer Vision: Algorithms, Theory and Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Template-Based Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

by Wook-Hyung Kim, Jong-Uk Hou, Han-Ul Jang and Heung-Kyu Lee

Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(6), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060911 - 1 Jun 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5042

Abstract

Several depth image-based rendering (DIBR) watermarking methods have been proposed, but they have various drawbacks, such as non-blindness, low imperceptibility and vulnerability to signal or geometric distortion. This paper proposes a template-based DIBR watermarking method that overcomes the drawbacks of previous methods. The proposed method exploits two properties to resist DIBR attacks: the pixel is only moved horizontally by DIBR, and the smaller block is not distorted by DIBR. The one-dimensional (1D) discrete cosine transform (DCT) and curvelet domains are adopted to utilize these two properties. A template is inserted in the curvelet domain to restore the synchronization error caused by geometric distortion. A watermark is inserted in the 1D DCT domain to insert and detect a message from the DIBR image. Experimental results of the proposed method show high imperceptibility and robustness to various attacks, such as signal and geometric distortions. The proposed method is also robust to DIBR distortion and DIBR configuration adjustment, such as depth image preprocessing and baseline distance adjustment. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Search Results (2)

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI

Saved Queries

Search Filter Reset All

Years

Feature Papers

Subjects

Journals

Article Types

Countries / Regions

Search Results (2)

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI