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Keywords = DETL

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30 pages, 2209 KB  
Article
Multi-Objective Optimization and K-Means Clustering Analysis of Green Hydrogen Production Routes via Biomass Gasification and Water Electrolysis
by Carlos Antonio Padilla-Esquivel, Thelma Posadas-Paredes, Heriberto Alcocer-García, César Ramírez-Márquez and José María Ponce-Ortega
Processes 2026, 14(6), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14060946 - 16 Mar 2026
Viewed by 729
Abstract
Green hydrogen is a key energy carrier for industrial decarbonization; however, its large-scale deployment requires the optimization of production routes from both energetic and economic perspectives. In this study, green hydrogen production via biomass gasification and water electrolysis is comparatively evaluated using a [...] Read more.
Green hydrogen is a key energy carrier for industrial decarbonization; however, its large-scale deployment requires the optimization of production routes from both energetic and economic perspectives. In this study, green hydrogen production via biomass gasification and water electrolysis is comparatively evaluated using a multi-objective optimization framework based on the Differential Evolution Tabu List (DETL) algorithm. The optimization simultaneously maximizes hydrogen production while minimizing specific energy consumption and total annualized cost, explicitly capturing the trade-offs between competing technologies. Results indicate that biomass gasification outperforms water electrolysis in both energetic and economic terms. The optimal gasification configuration achieves 3625.95 kg/h of H2 with a specific energy consumption of 39.63 kWh/kg H2 and a total annualized cost of 2.45 MUSD/yr, whereas water electrolysis reaches 3156.78 kg/h of H2 with 68.7 kWh/kg H2 and a cost of 3.72 MUSD/yr. To support the interpretation of results, K-means clustering is integrated into the methodological framework, enabling the identification of representative regions within the Pareto fronts. Overall, biomass gasification provides more balanced and flexible solutions, highlighting its potential as a competitive route for sustainable hydrogen production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Analysis of Energy System)
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10 pages, 2447 KB  
Article
Room Temperature Processed Double Electron Transport Layers for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
by Wen Huang, Rui Zhang, Xuwen Xia, Parker Steichen, Nanjing Liu, Jianping Yang, Liang Chu and Xing’ao Li
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(2), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020329 - 27 Jan 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4879
Abstract
Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has been regarded as a promising electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to its high electron mobility. However, the acid-nonresistance of ZnO could destroy organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite such as methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) [...] Read more.
Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has been regarded as a promising electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to its high electron mobility. However, the acid-nonresistance of ZnO could destroy organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite such as methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) in PSCs, resulting in poor power conversion efficiency (PCE). It is demonstrated in this work that Nb2O5/ZnO films were deposited at room temperature with RF magnetron sputtering and were successfully used as double electron transport layers (DETL) in PSCs due to the energy band matching between Nb2O5 and MAPbI3 as well as ZnO. In addition, the insertion of Nb2O5 between ZnO and MAPbI3 facilitated the stability of the perovskite film. A systematic investigation of the ZnO deposition time on the PCE has been carried out. A deposition time of five minutes achieved a ZnO layer in the PSCs with the highest power conversion efficiency of up to 13.8%. This excellent photovoltaic property was caused by the excellent light absorption property of the high-quality perovskite film and a fast electron extraction at the perovskite/DETL interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Green Energy Applications)
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