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Keywords = Campanian Ignimbrite

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20 pages, 8539 KiB  
Article
A Cryptotephra Layer in Sediments of an Infilled Maar Lake from the Eifel (Germany): First Evidence of Campanian Ignimbrite Ash Airfall in Central Europe
by Fiona Schenk, Ulrich Hambach, Sarah Britzius, Daniel Veres and Frank Sirocko
Quaternary 2024, 7(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/quat7020017 - 25 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2194
Abstract
We analyzed mineralogical characteristics, and major as well as rare earth element concentrations, from a cryptotephra layer in sediments of the infilled maar of Auel (Eifel, Germany). The results of detailed geochemical analyses of clinopyroxenes and their glassy rims from the Auel cryptotephra [...] Read more.
We analyzed mineralogical characteristics, and major as well as rare earth element concentrations, from a cryptotephra layer in sediments of the infilled maar of Auel (Eifel, Germany). The results of detailed geochemical analyses of clinopyroxenes and their glassy rims from the Auel cryptotephra layer showed that they are similar to those from the thick Campanian Ignimbrite tephra occurrence in a loess section at Urluia (Romania). Both tephras show idiomorphic green clinopyroxenes and formation of distorted grains up to millimeter scale. The cryptotephra in the Auel core has a modelled age of around 39,940 yr b2k in the ELSA-20 chronology, almost identical to the latest 40Ar/39Ar dates for the Campanian Ignimbrite/Y-5 (CI/Y-5) eruption. These observations suggest that parts of the CI/Y-5 ash cloud were transported also northwestward into Central Europe, whereas the main branch of the CI/Y-5 ash plume was transported from southern Italy towards the NE, E, and SE. Based on pollen analyses, we conclude there was no direct effect on vegetation from the CI/Y-5 fallout in the Eifel area. Trees, shrubs, and grasses remained at pre-tephra-airfall levels for roughly 240 years, but changed around 39,700 yr b2k when thermophilic woody plants (e.g., Alnus and Carpinus) disappeared and Artemisia spread. This change in vegetation was well after the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion and also after the GI9 interstadial and quite probably represents the onset of the Heinrich Event 4 (H4) cold spell, when climatic conditions over the North Atlantic, and apparently also in Central Europe, deteriorated sharply. Full article
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30 pages, 13412 KiB  
Article
The Coastal Areas of the Bay of Naples: The Sedimentary Dynamics and Geological Evolution of the Naples Canyons
by Gemma Aiello and Mauro Caccavale
Geosciences 2023, 13(8), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13080226 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2156
Abstract
The sedimentary dynamics and geological evolution of the Naples canyons during the Late Quaternary have been studied based on sedimentological and seismo-stratigraphic data. Several factors, including the sedimentary environments, tectonic setting, and volcanic eruptions, have controlled the geological evolution of the coastal and [...] Read more.
The sedimentary dynamics and geological evolution of the Naples canyons during the Late Quaternary have been studied based on sedimentological and seismo-stratigraphic data. Several factors, including the sedimentary environments, tectonic setting, and volcanic eruptions, have controlled the geological evolution of the coastal and marine areas of the Bay of Naples. The main data and methods include the sedimentological data analysis, the seismo-stratigraphic techniques applied in the geological interpretation of seismic profiles, and the integrated analysis of core data that were previously published. The formation of the Dohrn canyon is controlled by fluvial processes, active in correspondence with the palaeo-Schiazzano River system and by the main eruptive events involving the submarine portion of Naples Bay, including the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI; 39 ky B.P.) and the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT; 15 ky B.P.). The formation of the Magnaghi canyon is controlled by erosional processes on the continental slope of Procida Island, which was active during the last eruptive phases of the island (Solchiaro Formation; 18 ky B.P.), triggering high rates of volcaniclastic supply. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Dynamics of Sedimentary Processes in Coastal Areas)
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22 pages, 17653 KiB  
Article
Submarine Stratigraphy of the Eastern Bay of Naples: New Seismo-Stratigraphic Data and Implications for the Somma-Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei Volcanic Activity
by Gemma Aiello
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101520 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2712
Abstract
The submarine stratigraphy of the eastern Bay of Naples is studied through seismo-stratigraphic data correlated with borehole data. Multichannel seismic profiles are interpreted in order to reconstruct the stratigraphic relationships between the Quaternary marine seismic units and the volcanic acoustic substratum. Seven seismic [...] Read more.
The submarine stratigraphy of the eastern Bay of Naples is studied through seismo-stratigraphic data correlated with borehole data. Multichannel seismic profiles are interpreted in order to reconstruct the stratigraphic relationships between the Quaternary marine seismic units and the volcanic acoustic substratum. Seven seismic units are recognized based on the geological interpretation of seismic profiles and using seismo-stratigraphic criteria. The top of the lowest seismic unit was correlated with the Campanian Ignimbrite (Southern Campania Volcanic Zone). The stratigraphic setting of the eastern Bay of Naples is characterized by NE-SW trending seismic structures, probably corresponding with tuff rings. These tuff rings can be compared with the Porto Miseno, the Archiaverno and Averno, and the Astroni tuff rings (Campi Flegrei). Offshore, the Somma-Vesuvius a seismic unit was interpreted as the fallout deposits representing the base of the AD 79 eruption. However, since a branch of the isopach of 5 m of the “Pomici di Avellino” pyroclastic deposits is very close to the Tyrrhenian coastline and near our GRNA01 and GRNA03 seismic profiles, we cannot exclude that the seismic unit could be also correlated with the deposits of this eruption. Full article
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13 pages, 1747 KiB  
Article
Chabazite from Campanian Ignimbrite Tuff as a Potential and Sustainable Remediation Agent for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Water
by Francesco Izzo, Alessio Langella, Bruno de Gennaro, Chiara Germinario, Celestino Grifa, Concetta Rispoli and Mariano Mercurio
Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020725 - 10 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2229
Abstract
The technological performance of a chabazite-rich rock belonging to the Campanian Ignimbrite formation, outcropping in the nearby of San Mango sul Calore (southern Italy), has been evaluated for the sorption and release of ibuprofen sodium salt after a surface modification of the starting [...] Read more.
The technological performance of a chabazite-rich rock belonging to the Campanian Ignimbrite formation, outcropping in the nearby of San Mango sul Calore (southern Italy), has been evaluated for the sorption and release of ibuprofen sodium salt after a surface modification of the starting geomaterial using two different chlorinated surfactants. Equilibrium sorption isotherms and in vitro loading tests demonstrated that the maximum sorption capacities of this geomaterial reach up to 24.5 and 13.5 mg/g, respectively, for zeolite modified with cetylpyridinium and benzalkonium. These results, obtained by non-linear mathematical modeling of the experimental curves, are definitely compatible with the concentrations of the most common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as ibuprofen) in wastewaters, which have been recently considered as contaminants of emerging concern. This investigation also encourages a new possible sustainable exploitation of the lithified yellow facies of Campanian Ignimbrite, although future developments will be focused on using more stable and eco-friendlier two-tailed surfactants. Full article
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37 pages, 6490 KiB  
Article
Hydrothermal Alteration at the San Vito Area of the Campi Flegrei Geothermal System in Italy: Mineral Review and Geochemical Modeling
by Monica Piochi, Barbara Cantucci, Giordano Montegrossi and Gilda Currenti
Minerals 2021, 11(8), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11080810 - 27 Jul 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4356
Abstract
The Campi Flegrei geothermal system sets in one of the most famous and hazardous volcanic caldera in the world. The geothermal dynamics is suspected to have a crucial role in the monitored unrest phases and in the eruption triggering as well. Numerical models [...] Read more.
The Campi Flegrei geothermal system sets in one of the most famous and hazardous volcanic caldera in the world. The geothermal dynamics is suspected to have a crucial role in the monitored unrest phases and in the eruption triggering as well. Numerical models in the literature do not properly consider the geochemical effects of fluid-rock interaction into the hydrothermal circulation and this gap limits the wholly understanding of the dynamics. This paper focuses on fluid-rock interaction effects at the Campi Flegrei and presents relevant information requested for reactive transport simulations. In particular, we provide: (1) an extensive review of available data and new petrographic analyses of the San Vito cores rearranged in a conceptual model useful to define representative geochemical and petrophysical parameters of rock formations suitable for numerical simulations and (2) the implemented thermodynamic and kinetic data set calibrated for the San Vito 1 well area, central in the geothermal reservoir. A preliminary 0D-geochemical model, performed with a different contribution of CO2 at high (165 °C) and low (85 °C) temperatures, firstly allows reproducing the hydrothermal reactions over time of the Campanian Ignimbrite formation, the most important deposits in the case study area. Full article
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21 pages, 6114 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Latest and Innovative Silica-Based Consolidants for Volcanic Stones
by Abner Colella, Ilaria Capasso and Fabio Iucolano
Materials 2021, 14(10), 2513; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102513 - 12 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2337
Abstract
This research explores the new perspectives in conservation and protection of two macroporous tuff stones, widely employed in the architectural heritage of Campania region, characterized by highly heterogeneous rock fabric and texture and a variable mineralogical composition that represent crucial factors responsible for [...] Read more.
This research explores the new perspectives in conservation and protection of two macroporous tuff stones, widely employed in the architectural heritage of Campania region, characterized by highly heterogeneous rock fabric and texture and a variable mineralogical composition that represent crucial factors responsible for their weak durability. The consolidation treatments were performed with a recently and widely used suspension of nano-silica crystals in water and with a lithium silicate solution that has received up to now scarce attention as a consolidant agent. Physical investigations (open porosity, Hg porosimetry, water absorption), morphological observations (SEM analyses) and visual appearance test (colorimetric measurements), along with assessments of performance indicators such as ultrasonic pulse velocity, surface cohesion test (peeling test) and durability test (salt crystallization), were carried out to investigate the consolidation effectiveness. Overall, lithium silicate consolidant showed a better behavior in terms of superficial cohesion, a most successful strengthening action and a considerable enhancement of salt resistance. Full article
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32 pages, 30439 KiB  
Article
Quaternary Evolution of the Lower Calore and Middle Volturno Valleys (Southern Italy)
by Francesca Filocamo, Natalia Leone, Carmen Maria Rosskopf, Vittoria Scorpio, Santiago Giralt and Pietro Patrizio Ciro Aucelli
Water 2021, 13(5), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050741 - 9 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3912
Abstract
The lower Calore and middle Volturno valleys preserve stratigraphical and morphological evidence and tephrostratigraphic markers particularly suitable for reconstructing the long-term geomorphological evolution of the central-southern Apennines. Aim of our study is to identify the main steps of the Quaternary landscape evolution of [...] Read more.
The lower Calore and middle Volturno valleys preserve stratigraphical and morphological evidence and tephrostratigraphic markers particularly suitable for reconstructing the long-term geomorphological evolution of the central-southern Apennines. Aim of our study is to identify the main steps of the Quaternary landscape evolution of these valley systems and to improve knowledge about the relationships between fluvial processes and tectonics, volcanic activity, climatic and human influences. To this purpose, we carried out an integrated geomorphological and chrono-stratigraphical analysis of identified fluvial landforms and related deposits, integrated by 230Th/234U datings on travertines from the Telese Plain area. The study highlighted in particular: (1) fluvial sedimentation started in the Middle Pleistocene (~650 ka) within valleys that originated in the lower Pleistocene under the control of high-angle faults; (2) extensional tectonics acted during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene, driving the formation of the oldest fluvial terraces and alluvial fans, and persisted beyond the emplacement of the Campanian Ignimbrite pyroclastic deposits (~39 ka); and (3) from the late Upper Pleistocene onwards (<15 ka), the role of tectonics appears negligible, while climatic changes played a key role in the formation of three orders of valley floor terraces and the youngest alluvial fans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Geomorphology and River Management)
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22 pages, 22556 KiB  
Article
New Insights of Historical Mortars Beyond Pompei: The Example of Villa del Pezzolo, Sorrento Peninsula
by Concetta Rispoli, Sossio Fabio Graziano, Claudia Di Benedetto, Alberto De Bonis, Vincenza Guarino, Renata Esposito, Vincenzo Morra and Piergiulio Cappelletti
Minerals 2019, 9(10), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9100575 - 22 Sep 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4116
Abstract
The topic of this study is the archaeometric characterization of mortars from Villa del Pezzolo, a Roman Villa located in Seiano (Napoli-Campania, Italy), dated between the 1st century B.C. and the 3rd century A.D. Mortars were analyzed by means of a multi-analytical [...] Read more.
The topic of this study is the archaeometric characterization of mortars from Villa del Pezzolo, a Roman Villa located in Seiano (Napoli-Campania, Italy), dated between the 1st century B.C. and the 3rd century A.D. Mortars were analyzed by means of a multi-analytical approach (polarized optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersed spectrometry, thermal analyses and mercury intrusion porosimetry) according to existing recommendations. Analytical results evidenced the use of local geomaterials composed of sedimentary and volcanic aggregates in the mix design and confirmed the three distinct building phases identified by archaeologists. Volcanic tuff fragments, identified in the 1st building phase can be ascribed to Campanian Ignimbrite formation, widely cropping out in the Sorrento Peninsula, as confirmed by the presence of glassy shards, partially devitrified and replaced by authigenic feldspar, a typical feature of welded grey ignimbrite lithofacies (WGI). Volcanic aggregates in samples of the 2nd and 3rd building phases show, instead, the presence of leucite-bearing volcanic scoriae and garnet crystal fragments related to Somma-Vesuvius products. Study of these mortars allowed us to: (1) understand the production technologies; (2) highlight use of materials with hydraulic behavior, such as volcanic and fictile fragments; (3) confirm the three building phases from compositional features of mortars and (4) highlight the change over time of the volcanic aggregate for mortars mix-design. Full article
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20 pages, 3788 KiB  
Article
Desiccant-Based Air Handling Unit Alternatively Equipped with Three Hygroscopic Materials and Driven by Solar Energy
by Piero Bareschino, Francesco Pepe, Carlo Roselli, Maurizio Sasso and Francesco Tariello
Energies 2019, 12(8), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081543 - 24 Apr 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4739
Abstract
The energy demand for the air-conditioning of buildings has shown a very significant growth trend in the last two decades. In this paper three alternative hygroscopic materials for desiccant wheels are compared considering the operation of the air handling unit they are installed [...] Read more.
The energy demand for the air-conditioning of buildings has shown a very significant growth trend in the last two decades. In this paper three alternative hygroscopic materials for desiccant wheels are compared considering the operation of the air handling unit they are installed in. The analyses are performed by means of the TRNSYS 17® software, simulating the plant with the desiccant wheel made of: silica-gel, i.e., the filling actually used in the experimental plant desiccant wheel of the University of Sannio Laboratory; MIL101@GO-6 (MILGO), a composite material, consisting of graphite oxide dispersed in a MIL101 metal organic framework structure; Campanian Ignimbrite, a naturally occurring tuff, rich in phillipsite and chabazite zeolites, widespread in the Campania region, in Southern Italy. The air-conditioning system analyzed serves a university classroom located in Benevento, and it is activated by the thermal energy of a solar field for which three surfaces are considered: about 20, 27 and 34 m2. The results demonstrate that a primary energy saving of about 20%, 29%, 15% can be reached with silica-gel, MILGO and zeolite-rich tuff desiccant wheel based air handling units, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat and Mass Transfer in Energy Systems)
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