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Keywords = Baxter nerve

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9 pages, 473 KB  
Article
Influence of the Hardness of Insoles on the Abductor Hallucis Muscle in Baxter’s Entrapment: A Cross-Over Randomized Study
by Vanesa Pinto-Franco, Marta Elena Losa Iglesias, Israel Casado-Hernández, Emmanuel María Navarro-Flores, Daniel López-López, Eva María Martínez-Jiménez, Eduardo Pérez-Boal, José Luis Muñoz-Sánchez and Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo
J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 2026, 116(2), 23241; https://doi.org/10.7547/23-241 - 21 Apr 2026
Viewed by 340
Abstract
Background: The etiology and diagnosis of heel pain are complex and multifactorial, and it has been reported that Baxter’s entrapment is responsible for up to 20% of foot disorders. The most conservative treatment of Baxter’s entrapment has been the use of custom [...] Read more.
Background: The etiology and diagnosis of heel pain are complex and multifactorial, and it has been reported that Baxter’s entrapment is responsible for up to 20% of foot disorders. The most conservative treatment of Baxter’s entrapment has been the use of custom insoles. Electromyography was considered an effective test to assess muscle activity. The aim of this study was to test the use of insoles of different hardness on muscle activity of the abductor hallucis muscle in subjects with entrapment of the lateral branch of the external plantar nerve. Methods: 18 subjects (7 women and 11 men) diagnosed with nerve entrapment of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve were recruited. Muscle activity of the adductor hallucis muscle was analyzed with insoles of different hardness in static and dynamic situations using electromyographic evaluation. Results: The statistical analysis did not show statistically significant differences in the muscle activity of the abductor hallucis muscle in the static position, with and without plantar orthoses (p>0.05), in contrast, in dynamic situations statistically significant differences were found between groups (p<0.01). Conclusions: The use of a hard insole decreases the maximum peak muscular activity of the abductor hallucis muscle in subjects with Baxter’s nerve entrapment in walking conditions. Full article
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7 pages, 3688 KB  
Article
Ultrasound-Guided Approach to the Distal Tarsal Tunnel: Implications for Healthcare Research on the Medial Plantar Nerve, Lateral Plantar Nerve and Inferior Calcaneal Nerve (Baxter’s Nerve)
by Alejandro Fernández-Gibello, Gabriel Camuñas Nieves, Ruth Liceth Jara Pacheco, Mario Fajardo Pérez and Felice Galluccio
Healthcare 2024, 12(20), 2071; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12202071 - 17 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7706
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The tibial nerve, commonly misnamed the “posterior tibial nerve”, branches into four key nerves: the medial plantar, lateral plantar, inferior calcaneal (Baxter’s nerve), and medial calcaneal branches. These nerves are integral to both the sensory and motor functions of the foot. Approximately [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The tibial nerve, commonly misnamed the “posterior tibial nerve”, branches into four key nerves: the medial plantar, lateral plantar, inferior calcaneal (Baxter’s nerve), and medial calcaneal branches. These nerves are integral to both the sensory and motor functions of the foot. Approximately 15% of adults with foot issues experience heel pain, frequently stemming from neural origins, such as tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS). TTS diagnosis remains challenging due to a high false negative rate in neurophysiological studies. This study aims to improve the understanding and diagnosis of distal tarsal tunnel pathology to enable more effective treatments, including platelet-rich plasma, hydrodissections, radiofrequencies, and prolotherapy. Methods: Ultrasound-guided techniques were employed to examine the distal tarsal tunnel using the Heimkes triangle for optimal probe placement. Results: The results indicate that the tunnel consists of two chambers separated by the interfascicular septum, housing the medial, lateral plantar, and inferior calcaneal nerves. Successful interventions depend on precise visualization and patient positioning. This study emphasizes the importance of avoiding the calcaneus periosteum to reduce discomfort. Conclusions: Standardizing nerve involvement classification in TTS is difficult without robust neurophysiological studies. The accurate targeting of nerve branches is essential for effective treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Podiatric Medicine and Healthcare)
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30 pages, 15545 KB  
Review
Advanced Ankle and Foot Sonoanatomy: Imaging Beyond the Basics
by Chen-Yu Hung, Ke-Vin Chang, Kamal Mezian, Ondřej Naňka, Wei-Ting Wu, Po-Cheng Hsu and Levent Özçakar
Diagnostics 2020, 10(3), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10030160 - 14 Mar 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 24470
Abstract
Ankle/foot pain is a common complaint encountered in clinical practice. Currently, due to the complex anatomy, the diagnosis and management of the underlying musculoskeletal disorders are extremely challenging. Nowadays, high-resolution ultrasound has emerged as the first-line tool to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders. There have [...] Read more.
Ankle/foot pain is a common complaint encountered in clinical practice. Currently, due to the complex anatomy, the diagnosis and management of the underlying musculoskeletal disorders are extremely challenging. Nowadays, high-resolution ultrasound has emerged as the first-line tool to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders. There have been several existing protocols describing the fundamental sonoanatomy of ankle/foot joints. However, there are certain anatomic structures (e.g., Lisfranc ligament complex or Baxter nerve) which are also clinically important. As they are rarely elaborated in the available literature, a comprehensive review is necessary. In this regard, the present article aims to brief the regional anatomy, illustrate the scanning techniques, and emphasize the clinical relevance of the ankle/foot region. Full article
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