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Authors = Nienke Maas ORCID = 0000-0003-0120-9386

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20 pages, 1741 KiB  
Article
Positive Energy Districts: Identifying Challenges and Interdependencies
by Savis Gohari Krangsås, Koen Steemers, Thaleia Konstantinou, Silvia Soutullo, Mingming Liu, Emanuela Giancola, Bahri Prebreza, Touraj Ashrafian, Lina Murauskaitė and Nienke Maas
Sustainability 2021, 13(19), 10551; https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910551 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 7991
Abstract
Positive Energy Districts (PED) are areas within cities that generate more renewable energy than they consume, contributing to cities’ energy system transformation toward carbon neutrality. Since PED is a novel concept, the implementation is very challenging. Within the European Cooperation in Science and [...] Read more.
Positive Energy Districts (PED) are areas within cities that generate more renewable energy than they consume, contributing to cities’ energy system transformation toward carbon neutrality. Since PED is a novel concept, the implementation is very challenging. Within the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, which offers an open space for collaboration among scientists across Europe (and beyond), this paper asks what the needs for supporting the implementation of PEDs are. To answer this, it draws on Delphi process (expert reviews) as the main method alongside the literature review and also uses surveys as supplementary methods to identify the main challenges for developing PEDs. Initial findings reveal seven interacting topics that later were ranked as highest to the lowest as the following: governance, incentive, social, process, market, technology and context. These are interrelated and interdependent, implying that none can be considered in isolation of the others and cannot be left out in order to ensure the successful development of PEDs. The resources that are needed to address these challenges are a common need for systematic understanding of the processes behind them, as well as cross-disciplinary models and protocols to manage the complexity of developing PEDs. The results can be the basis for devising the conceptual framework on the development of new PED guides and tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Integrated Planning of Positive Energy Districts)
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16 pages, 632 KiB  
Article
Implementation Framework for Energy Flexibility Technologies in Alkmaar and Évora
by Nienke Maas, Vasiliki Georgiadou, Stephanie Roelofs, Rui Amaral Lopes, Anabela Pronto and João Martins
Energies 2020, 13(21), 5811; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215811 - 6 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3219
Abstract
As energy generation based on renewable resources does not always match energy consumption profiles, Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) should embody energy flexibility technologies to decrease possible negative impacts on existing grids due to, e.g., reverse power flows. As part of the EU H2020 [...] Read more.
As energy generation based on renewable resources does not always match energy consumption profiles, Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) should embody energy flexibility technologies to decrease possible negative impacts on existing grids due to, e.g., reverse power flows. As part of the EU H2020 Smart Cities and Communities project POCITYF, the cities Alkmaar (NL) and Évora (PT) aim to support the deployment and market uptake of such districts and in doing so demonstrate innovative and integrated technologies to enable flexibility in the energy system. This paper addresses implementation conditions for energy flexibility technologies that help cities to engender the expected impact and ensure replication of these technologies to other sites. It aims to guide both urban planners and technology solution providers through pitfalls and opportunities that can appear during the design and implementation of PEDs. Taking this into consideration, the RUGGEDISED innovation and implementation framework for smart city technology was taken as a starting point to describe and analyze the experiences in Alkmaar and Évora. Full article
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