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Authors = Katerina Tsergouli ORCID = 0000-0001-6552-1585

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37 pages, 1057 KiB  
Review
Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s Resistome: Pan-Genomic Plasticity, the Impact of Transposable Elements and Jumping Genes
by Theodoros Karampatakis, Katerina Tsergouli and Payam Behzadi
Antibiotics 2025, 14(4), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14040353 - 31 Mar 2025
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2129
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative, motile bacterium, may cause significant infections in both community and hospital settings, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. This opportunistic pathogen can thrive in various environments, making it a public health concern worldwide. P. aeruginosa’s genomic pool [...] Read more.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative, motile bacterium, may cause significant infections in both community and hospital settings, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. This opportunistic pathogen can thrive in various environments, making it a public health concern worldwide. P. aeruginosa’s genomic pool is highly dynamic and diverse, with a pan-genome size ranging from 5.5 to 7.76 Mbp. This versatility arises from its ability to acquire genes through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) via different genetic elements (GEs), such as mobile genetic elements (MGEs). These MGEs, collectively known as the mobilome, facilitate the spread of genes encoding resistance to antimicrobials (ARGs), resistance to heavy metals (HMRGs), virulence (VGs), and metabolic functions (MGs). Of particular concern are the acquired carbapenemase genes (ACGs) and other β-lactamase genes, such as classes A, B [metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs)], and D carbapenemases, which can lead to increased antimicrobial resistance. This review emphasizes the importance of the mobilome in understanding antimicrobial resistance in P. aeruginosa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotics and the Evolution of Resistance: Insights into Horizontal Gene Transfer)
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27 pages, 1503 KiB  
Review
Pan-Genome Plasticity and Virulence Factors: A Natural Treasure Trove for Acinetobacter baumannii
by Theodoros Karampatakis, Katerina Tsergouli and Payam Behzadi
Antibiotics 2024, 13(3), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13030257 - 14 Mar 2024
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4453
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative pathogen responsible for a variety of community- and hospital-acquired infections. It is recognized as a life-threatening pathogen among hospitalized individuals and, in particular, immunocompromised patients in many countries. A. baumannii, as a member of the ESKAPE group, encompasses [...] Read more.
Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative pathogen responsible for a variety of community- and hospital-acquired infections. It is recognized as a life-threatening pathogen among hospitalized individuals and, in particular, immunocompromised patients in many countries. A. baumannii, as a member of the ESKAPE group, encompasses high genomic plasticity and simultaneously is predisposed to receive and exchange the mobile genetic elements (MGEs) through horizontal genetic transfer (HGT). Indeed, A. baumannii is a treasure trove that contains a high number of virulence factors. In accordance with these unique pathogenic characteristics of A. baumannii, the authors aim to discuss the natural treasure trove of pan-genome and virulence factors pertaining to this bacterial monster and try to highlight the reasons why this bacterium is a great concern in the global public health system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Mechanism of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics)
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23 pages, 2443 KiB  
Review
Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: Virulence Factors, Molecular Epidemiology and Latest Updates in Treatment Options
by Theodoros Karampatakis, Katerina Tsergouli and Payam Behzadi
Antibiotics 2023, 12(2), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020234 - 21 Jan 2023
Cited by 180 | Viewed by 27603
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen responsible for a variety of community and hospital infections. Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) constitute a major threat for public health and are strongly associated with high rates of mortality, especially in immunocompromised and [...] Read more.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen responsible for a variety of community and hospital infections. Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) constitute a major threat for public health and are strongly associated with high rates of mortality, especially in immunocompromised and critically ill patients. Adhesive fimbriae, capsule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and siderophores or iron carriers constitute the main virulence factors which contribute to the pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae. Colistin and tigecycline constitute some of the last resorts for the treatment of CRKP infections. Carbapenemase production, especially K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), constitutes the basic molecular mechanism of CRKP emergence. Knowledge of the mechanism of CRKP appearance is crucial, as it can determine the selection of the most suitable antimicrobial agent among those most recently launched. Plazomicin, eravacycline, cefiderocol, temocillin, ceftolozane–tazobactam, imipenem–cilastatin/relebactam, meropenem–vaborbactam, ceftazidime–avibactam and aztreonam–avibactam constitute potent alternatives for treating CRKP infections. The aim of the current review is to highlight the virulence factors and molecular pathogenesis of CRKP and provide recent updates on the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial treatment options. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Characterization of Gram-Negative Bacteria: Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence and Epidemiology)
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10 pages, 213 KiB  
Article
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Dobrava/Belgrade Virus Infections
by Katerina Tsergouli and Anna Papa
Viruses 2013, 5(12), 3109-3118; https://doi.org/10.3390/v5123109 - 10 Dec 2013
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5989
Abstract
The levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) were estimated in 102 serum samples from 63 hospitalized Greek patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Dobrava/Belgrade virus. Significantly higher VEGF levels were seen in the severe when compared with non-severe [...] Read more.
The levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) were estimated in 102 serum samples from 63 hospitalized Greek patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) caused by Dobrava/Belgrade virus. Significantly higher VEGF levels were seen in the severe when compared with non-severe cases (mean values 851.96 pg/mL and 326.75 pg/mL, respectively; p = 0.003), while a significant difference was observed among groups based on the day after the onset of illness. In both severe and non-severe cases, VEGF peaked in the second week of illness; however, elevation of VEGF in the severe cases started later and remained high until convalescence, suggesting that the role of VEGF was associated with repair of vascular damage rather than with increased permeability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantaviruses)
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