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Authors = George Smoot

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53 pages, 5295 KiB  
Review
The Unsettled Number: Hubble’s Tension
by Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota, Salvador Galindo-Uribarri and George F. Smoot
Universe 2023, 9(12), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9120501 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7134
Abstract
One of main sources of uncertainty in modern cosmology is the present rate of the universe’s expansion, H0, called the Hubble constant. Once again, different observational techniques bring about different results, causing new “Hubble tension”. In the present work, we review [...] Read more.
One of main sources of uncertainty in modern cosmology is the present rate of the universe’s expansion, H0, called the Hubble constant. Once again, different observational techniques bring about different results, causing new “Hubble tension”. In the present work, we review the historical roots of the Hubble constant from the beginning of the twentieth century, when modern cosmology originated, to the present. We develop the arguments that gave rise to the importance of measuring the expansion of the Universe and its discovery, and we describe the different pioneering works attempting to measure it. There has been a long dispute on this matter, even in the present epoch, which is marked by high-tech instrumentation and, therefore, in smaller uncertainties in the relevant parameters. It is, again, currently necessary to conduct a careful and critical revision of the different methods before one invokes new physics to solve the so-called Hubble tension. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Universe: Feature Papers 2023—Cosmology)
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20 pages, 4864 KiB  
Article
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake among Minority Populations in Tennessee
by Donald J. Alcendor, Patricia Matthews-Juarez, Neely Williams, Derek Wilus, Mohammad Tabatabai, Esarrah Hopkins, Kirstyn George, Ashley H. Leon, Rafael Santiago, Arthur Lee, Duane Smoot, James E. K. Hildreth and Paul D. Juarez
Vaccines 2023, 11(6), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061073 - 7 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2330
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among Southern states in the US has been problematic throughout the pandemic. To characterize COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among medically underserved communities in Tennessee. We surveyed 1482 individuals targeting minority communities in Tennessee from 2 October 2021 [...] Read more.
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among Southern states in the US has been problematic throughout the pandemic. To characterize COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake among medically underserved communities in Tennessee. We surveyed 1482 individuals targeting minority communities in Tennessee from 2 October 2021 to 22 June 2022. Participants who indicated that they did not plan to receive or were unsure whether to receive the COVID-19 vaccine were considered vaccine-hesitant. Among participants, 79% had been vaccinated, with roughly 5.4% not likely at all to be vaccinated in the next three months from the date that the survey was conducted. When focusing particularly on Black/AA people and white people, our survey results revealed a significant association between race (Black/AA, white, or people of mixed Black/white ancestry) and vaccination status (vaccinated or unvaccinated) (p-value = 0.013). Approximately 79.1% of all participants received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Individuals who were concerned with personal/family/community safety and/or wanted a return to normalcy were less likely to be hesitant. The study found that the major reasons cited for refusing the COVID-19 vaccines were distrust in vaccine safety, concerns about side effects, fear of needles, and vaccine efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viral Pathogens and Vaccine Access for Vulnerable Populations)
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46 pages, 10736 KiB  
Review
The Legacy of Einstein’s Eclipse, Gravitational Lensing
by Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota, Salvador Galindo-Uribarri and George F. Smoot
Universe 2020, 6(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe6010009 - 31 Dec 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 13348
Abstract
A hundred years ago, two British expeditions measured the deflection of starlight by the Sun’s gravitational field, confirming the prediction made by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. One hundred years later many physicists around the world are involved in studying the consequences and [...] Read more.
A hundred years ago, two British expeditions measured the deflection of starlight by the Sun’s gravitational field, confirming the prediction made by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. One hundred years later many physicists around the world are involved in studying the consequences and use as a research tool, of the deflection of light by gravitational fields, a discipline that today receives the generic name of Gravitational Lensing. The present review aims to commemorate the centenary of Einstein’s Eclipse expeditions by presenting a historical perspective of the development and milestones on gravitational light bending, covering from early XIX century speculations, to its current use as an important research tool in astronomy and cosmology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Universe: Feature Papers 2019 - Gravitational Physics)
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82 pages, 964 KiB  
Article
General Relativity and Cosmology: Unsolved Questions and Future Directions
by Ivan Debono and George F. Smoot
Universe 2016, 2(4), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe2040023 - 28 Sep 2016
Cited by 166 | Viewed by 49305
Abstract
For the last 100 years, General Relativity (GR) has taken over the gravitational theory mantle held by Newtonian Gravity for the previous 200 years. This article reviews the status of GR in terms of its self-consistency, completeness, and the evidence provided by observations, [...] Read more.
For the last 100 years, General Relativity (GR) has taken over the gravitational theory mantle held by Newtonian Gravity for the previous 200 years. This article reviews the status of GR in terms of its self-consistency, completeness, and the evidence provided by observations, which have allowed GR to remain the champion of gravitational theories against several other classes of competing theories. We pay particular attention to the role of GR and gravity in cosmology, one of the areas in which one gravity dominates and new phenomena and effects challenge the orthodoxy. We also review other areas where there are likely conflicts pointing to the need to replace or revise GR to represent correctly observations and consistent theoretical framework. Observations have long been key both to the theoretical liveliness and viability of GR. We conclude with a discussion of the likely developments over the next 100 years. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 100 Years of Chronogeometrodynamics: the Status of the Einstein's Theory of Gravitation in Its Centennial Year)
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30 pages, 5467 KiB  
Review
A Brief History of Gravitational Waves
by Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota, Salvador Galindo-Uribarri and George F. Smoot
Universe 2016, 2(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe2030022 - 13 Sep 2016
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 29550
Abstract
This review describes the discovery of gravitational waves. We recount the journey of predicting and finding those waves, since its beginning in the early twentieth century, their prediction by Einstein in 1916, theoretical and experimental blunders, efforts towards their detection, and finally the [...] Read more.
This review describes the discovery of gravitational waves. We recount the journey of predicting and finding those waves, since its beginning in the early twentieth century, their prediction by Einstein in 1916, theoretical and experimental blunders, efforts towards their detection, and finally the subsequent successful discovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 100 Years of Chronogeometrodynamics: the Status of the Einstein's Theory of Gravitation in Its Centennial Year)
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