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Polymers
Volume 15
Issue 18
10.3390/polym15183831
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Article

Screening of Oligomeric (Meth)acrylate Vaccine Adjuvants Synthesized via Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization

by
Cordula S. Hege
1,†,
Amy Stimpson
1,†,
Joseph Sefton
1,
James Summers
2,
Helena Henke
1,
Adam A. Dundas
1,
Tony Phan
3,
Robert Kinsey
3,
Jeffrey A. Guderian
3,
Sandra J. Sivananthan
3,
Raodoh Mohamath
3,
William R. Lykins
3,
Gabi Ramer-Denisoff
3,
Susan Lin
3,
Christopher B. Fox
3,4,* and
Derek J. Irvine
1,*
1
Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
2
School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
3
Access to Advanced Health Institute, Formerly Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
4
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Polymers 2023, 15(18), 3831; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183831
Submission received: 2 August 2023 / Revised: 31 August 2023 / Accepted: 14 September 2023 / Published: 20 September 2023
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Abstract

This report details the first systematic screening of free-radical-produced methacrylate oligomer reaction mixtures as alternative vaccine adjuvant components to replace the current benchmark compound squalene, which is unsustainably sourced from shark livers. Homo-/co-oligomer mixtures of methyl, butyl, lauryl, and stearyl methacrylate were successfully synthesized using catalytic chain transfer control, where the use of microwave heating was shown to promote propagation over chain transfer. Controlling the mixture material properties allowed the correct viscosity to be achieved, enabling the mixtures to be effectively used in vaccine formulations. Emulsions of selected oligomers stimulated comparable cytokine levels to squalene emulsion when incubated with human whole blood and elicited an antigen-specific cellular immune response when administered with an inactivated influenza vaccine, indicating the potential utility of the compounds as vaccine adjuvant components. Furthermore, the oligomers’ molecular sizes were demonstrated to be large enough to enable greater emulsion stability than squalene, especially at high temperatures, but are predicted to be small enough to allow for rapid clearance from the body.
Keywords: polymerization; screening; catalytic chain transfer; vaccine; adjuvant; squalene polymerization; screening; catalytic chain transfer; vaccine; adjuvant; squalene

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hege, C.S.; Stimpson, A.; Sefton, J.; Summers, J.; Henke, H.; Dundas, A.A.; Phan, T.; Kinsey, R.; Guderian, J.A.; Sivananthan, S.J.; et al. Screening of Oligomeric (Meth)acrylate Vaccine Adjuvants Synthesized via Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization. Polymers 2023, 15, 3831. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183831

AMA Style

Hege CS, Stimpson A, Sefton J, Summers J, Henke H, Dundas AA, Phan T, Kinsey R, Guderian JA, Sivananthan SJ, et al. Screening of Oligomeric (Meth)acrylate Vaccine Adjuvants Synthesized via Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization. Polymers. 2023; 15(18):3831. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183831

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hege, Cordula S., Amy Stimpson, Joseph Sefton, James Summers, Helena Henke, Adam A. Dundas, Tony Phan, Robert Kinsey, Jeffrey A. Guderian, Sandra J. Sivananthan, and et al. 2023. "Screening of Oligomeric (Meth)acrylate Vaccine Adjuvants Synthesized via Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization" Polymers 15, no. 18: 3831. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183831

APA Style

Hege, C. S., Stimpson, A., Sefton, J., Summers, J., Henke, H., Dundas, A. A., Phan, T., Kinsey, R., Guderian, J. A., Sivananthan, S. J., Mohamath, R., Lykins, W. R., Ramer-Denisoff, G., Lin, S., Fox, C. B., & Irvine, D. J. (2023). Screening of Oligomeric (Meth)acrylate Vaccine Adjuvants Synthesized via Catalytic Chain Transfer Polymerization. Polymers, 15(18), 3831. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183831

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