Education, Institutions, and Investment as Determinants of Economic Growth in Central Asia and the Caucasus: A Panel Data Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
Educational Investment and Economic Growth
3. Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators
An Empirical Study Based on Data
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- The economic growth of a country depends not only on the amount of capital and labor but also on government investments in education. Public spending on education enhances human capital by improving skills, knowledge, and innovation potential. This, in turn, increases labor productivity and economic competitiveness, ultimately contributing to sustained economic growth. Investments in education also lead to technological advancements and higher adaptability of the workforce to economic changes.
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- Increasing the share of higher education coverage is crucial for economic development. Higher education coverage refers to the proportion of the population that has access to and successfully completes higher education. A higher share of higher education graduates leads to a more skilled and competitive workforce, fostering innovation, improving labor market efficiency, and attracting foreign and domestic investments. Countries with a well-educated workforce are better positioned to transition to knowledge-based economies, which drive technological progress and sustainable economic growth.
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- Institutions play a key role in ensuring sustainable economic development. Sustainable economic development refers to a long-term growth model that balances economic expansion with environmental protection and social well-being. It ensures that economic progress does not come at the expense of future generations by promoting responsible resource use, reducing inequality, and fostering institutional stability. Institutions, including legal frameworks, regulatory bodies, and governance structures, shape economic outcomes by ensuring transparency, protecting property rights, enforcing contracts, and minimizing corruption. In the observed countries, strong institutions contribute to economic stability, investment security, and efficient governance, which, in turn, stimulate long-term growth. Conversely, weak institutions hinder economic progress by increasing risks, reducing investor confidence, and fostering inefficiencies.
4. Methodology
5. Results
5.1. Panel Unit Root and Cointegration Tests
5.1.1. Panel Unit Root Test
5.1.2. Panel Cointegration Test
5.2. FMOLS and DOLS Results
6. Policy Implications and Future Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LLC | IPS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levels (Statistic) | Prob. | First Differences (Statistic) | Prob. | Levels (Statistic) | Prob. | First Differences (Statistic) | Prob. | |
GDP growth (%) (annual change in gross domestic product) | −3.76726 | 0.000 | −7.23075 | 0.000 | −3.63619 | 0.000 | −6.45514 | 0.000 |
Government expenditure on education | −0.51598 | 0.303 | −4.85615 | 0.000 | 0.36155 | 0.641 | −4.21360 | 0.000 |
Labor force participation rate | −2.10251 | 0.018 | −2.84557 | 0.002 | −0.43738 | 0.331 | −2.32675 | 0.010 |
Gross capital formation | −3.79231 | 0.000 | −6.94885 | 0.000 | −2.41679 | 0.008 | −5.08642 | 0.000 |
Institutional indicator | −2.39601 | 0.008 | −4.63663 | 0.000 | −0.82429 | 0.205 | −3.35998 | 0.000 |
School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) | 1.40802 | 0.920 | −4.87027 | 0.000 | 1.61014 | 0.946 | −3.52962 | 0.000 |
Statistic | Prob. | |
---|---|---|
Panel v-Statistic | −1.126870 | 0.8701 |
Panel rho-Statistic | 1.287874 | 0.9011 |
Panel PP-Statistic | −6.415790 | 0.0000 |
Panel ADF-Statistic | −4.858742 | 0.0000 |
Group rho-Statistic | 2.162466 | 0.9847 |
Group PP-Statistic | −8.315995 | 0.0000 |
Group ADF-Statistic | −5.634981 | 0.0000 |
Kao Residual Cointegration Test (ADF) | −7.829541 | 0.0000 |
FMOLS | DOLS | |
---|---|---|
Government expenditure on education | −0.875020 (0.446410) | −1.019641 (1.025495) |
Labor force participation rate | 0.076977 (0.143419) | −0.117674 (0.226639) |
Gross capital formation | 0.215605 (0.042253) | 0.095613 (1.069720) |
Institutional indicator | −9.057518 (2.438211) | −11.47791 (4.605956) |
School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) | 0.092926 (0.034965) | 0.168234 (0.069771) |
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Tleppayev, A.; Zeinolla, S.; Tyulyubayeva, D.; Aben, A. Education, Institutions, and Investment as Determinants of Economic Growth in Central Asia and the Caucasus: A Panel Data Analysis. Economies 2025, 13, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030078
Tleppayev A, Zeinolla S, Tyulyubayeva D, Aben A. Education, Institutions, and Investment as Determinants of Economic Growth in Central Asia and the Caucasus: A Panel Data Analysis. Economies. 2025; 13(3):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030078
Chicago/Turabian StyleTleppayev, Arsen, Saule Zeinolla, Dinara Tyulyubayeva, and Assel Aben. 2025. "Education, Institutions, and Investment as Determinants of Economic Growth in Central Asia and the Caucasus: A Panel Data Analysis" Economies 13, no. 3: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030078
APA StyleTleppayev, A., Zeinolla, S., Tyulyubayeva, D., & Aben, A. (2025). Education, Institutions, and Investment as Determinants of Economic Growth in Central Asia and the Caucasus: A Panel Data Analysis. Economies, 13(3), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030078