Transitioning into Adulthood with PKU: The Role of Diet, Coping Strategies, and Quality of Life in Adolescents and Young Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Questionnaires
2.2.1. Socio-Demographic and General Information
2.2.2. Biochemical Data: Phe and Tyr Levels
2.2.3. Adherence to Treatment
2.2.4. Quality of Life
2.2.5. Coping Strategies
3. Statistical Analyses
4. Results
4.1. Sample Characteristics
4.2. Dietary Habits and Adherence to Treatment
4.3. PKU Symptoms and Factors Affecting and Supporting Treatment Adherence
4.4. Coping Strategies and Impact of PKU on Quality of Life
4.5. Differences Between Adolescents and Young Adults on Quality of Life and Coping Strategies
4.6. Correlations
4.6.1. Coping Strategies—ATTITUDE
4.6.2. Attitude–QoL
4.6.3. Cope–QoL
5. Discussion
6. Limitations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Adolescents Mean (SD) | Young Adults Mean (SD) | ||
---|---|---|---|
PKU-QOL | Total | 36.79 (10.68) | 33.46 (12.16) |
Administration of Phe-free protein substitutes | 34.88 (14.82) | 38.31 (19.61) | |
Daily dietary restrictions | 27.74 (14.36) | 37.93 (16.11) | |
General PKU issues | 40.22 (16.76) | 39.98 (6.63) | |
PKU symptoms | 36.85 (13.50) | 38.57 (18.71) | |
COPE | Avoidance | 10.56 (2.96) | 12.08 (4.83) |
Transcendence orientation | 11.11 (7.83) | 6.00 (3.57) | |
Positive attitude | 28.22 (5.43) | 24.83 (3.95) | |
Social support | 21.00 (4.50) | 20.00 (6.40) | |
Problem orientation | 23.00 (4.61) | 21.42 (5.16) |
Adolescents Median (IQR) | Young Adults Median (IQR) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PKU-QOL | Total | 36.70 (17.09) | 37.95 (15.99) | 0.863 |
Administration of Phe-free protein substitutes | 32.14 (23.98) | 39.97 (35.76) | 0.182 | |
Daily dietary restrictions | 25.00 (27.73) | 37.65 (28.87) | 0.702 | |
General PKU issues | 44.12 (22.32) | 38.61 (10.62) | 0.651 | |
PKU symptoms | 40.91 (21.69) | 36.46 (18.23) | 0.780 | |
COPE | Avoidance | 11.00 (4.5) | 11.50 (7.5) | 0.049 * |
Transcendence orientation | 7.00 (14.5) | 4.00 (3) | 0.917 | |
Positive attitude | 29.00 (7.5) | 24.00 (6.5) | 0.554 | |
Social support | 20.00 (5.5) | 18.50 (10) | 0.508 | |
Problem orientation | 24.00 (7) | 22.50 (6.75) | 0.129 |
Coping Strategy | PKU Symptoms | Correlation |
---|---|---|
Avoidance | Irritability | (r = 0.553; p = 0.009) |
Transcendence Orientation | Insomnia | (r = −0.461; p = 0.035) |
Coping Strategy | Protein Source | Correlation |
Social Support | Pork Meat | (r = 0.627; p = 0.002) |
Social Support | Beef Meat | (r = 0.505; p = 0.020) |
Social Support | Chicken Meat | (r = 0.507; p = 0.019) |
Social Support | Fish | (r = 0.472; p = 0.031) |
Attitude | PKU QoL | Correlation |
---|---|---|
Difficulty in Concentration | Total | (r = 0.698; p ≤ 0.001) |
Tremors | Total | (r = 0.608; p ≤ 0.003) |
Diet Adherence While Traveling | Total | (r = −0.544; p = 0.011) |
Cope | PKU QoL | Correlation |
---|---|---|
Avoidance | General PKU issues | (r = 0.480; p = 0.038) |
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Cazzorla, C.; Gaiga, G.; Medici, S.; Martino, L.; Gragnaniello, V.; Schiavo, R.; Burlina, A.P.; Burlina, A.B. Transitioning into Adulthood with PKU: The Role of Diet, Coping Strategies, and Quality of Life in Adolescents and Young Adults. Psychol. Int. 2025, 7, 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7020045
Cazzorla C, Gaiga G, Medici S, Martino L, Gragnaniello V, Schiavo R, Burlina AP, Burlina AB. Transitioning into Adulthood with PKU: The Role of Diet, Coping Strategies, and Quality of Life in Adolescents and Young Adults. Psychology International. 2025; 7(2):45. https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7020045
Chicago/Turabian StyleCazzorla, Chiara, Giacomo Gaiga, Silvia Medici, Ludovica Martino, Vincenza Gragnaniello, Rossana Schiavo, Alessandro P. Burlina, and Alberto B. Burlina. 2025. "Transitioning into Adulthood with PKU: The Role of Diet, Coping Strategies, and Quality of Life in Adolescents and Young Adults" Psychology International 7, no. 2: 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7020045
APA StyleCazzorla, C., Gaiga, G., Medici, S., Martino, L., Gragnaniello, V., Schiavo, R., Burlina, A. P., & Burlina, A. B. (2025). Transitioning into Adulthood with PKU: The Role of Diet, Coping Strategies, and Quality of Life in Adolescents and Young Adults. Psychology International, 7(2), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint7020045